SLAVERY

What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?, by Frederick Douglass

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

People and Events

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Elmina Castle, trading outpost and "slave factory"
• Anthony Johnson
• The Middle Passage
• The Virginia Company of London
• Jamestown Settlement
• English saved by Native Americans
• Arrival of first Africans to Virginia Colony
• Africans in court
• Virginia looks toward Africa for labor
• Virgina recognizes slavery
• Royal African Company established
• Bacon's Rebellion
• Arthur Middleton
• Samuel Sewall speaks out
• Virginia's slave codes
• New York: The Revolt of 1712
• Anthony Benezet
• Crispus Attacks
• Lucy Terry Prince
• John Newton
• Venture Smith
• Benjamin Banneker
• Prince Hall
• Andrew Bryan
• The Stono Rebellion
• Runaways
• Witchhunt in New York: The 1741 rebellion
• Elizabeth Freeman (Mum Bett)
• David George
• Olaudah Equiano
• Benjamin Rush
• George Liele
• Lemuel Haynes
• Colonel Tye
• Phillis Wheatley
• Nicolas Owen
• Agrippa Hull
• Boston King
• Richard Allen
• Sara Allen
• The Boston Massacre
• Black Revolutionary seamen
• Free black Patriots
• Maroons in the Revolutionary period
• Founding of Pennsylvania Abolition Society
• First African Baptist Church of Savannah
• The Underground Railroad
• Kidnapping in Pennsylvania
• Efforts to end the slave trade
• French West Indian refugees in Philadelphia
• The Yellow Fever epidemic
• The Haitian Revolution
• Rebecca Cox Jackson
• David Walker
• Gabriel's Conspiracy
• John Brown
• The Douglass family
• The Forten women
• William Lloyd Garrison
• Fanny Kemble and Pierce Butler
• Race-based legislation in the North
• Harriet Jacobs
• Indian removal
• Henry Highland Garnet
• Florida¹s Negro Fort
• American Colonization Society
• Frederick Douglass
• Harriet Tubman
• The Vesey Conspiracy
• Liverpool and the slave trade
• National Negro convention movement
• Conditions of antebellum slavery
• Nat Turner's Rebellion
• Pennsylvania Hall
• Butler Island
• Slave narratives and Uncle Tom's Cabin
• Dred Scott's fight for freedom
• The Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act
• Bleeding Kansas
• Anthony Burns captured
• The Weeping Time
• The raid on Harpers Ferry
• John Brown's black raiders
• The Civil War and emancipation

Historical Documents

• The Arrival of Europeans in Africa
• Portrait of a Negro
• Portrait of the Moorish Woman Katharina
• African Captives Yoked in Pairs
• The Hope of Jamestown
• Landing of Negroes at Jamestown from a Dutch Man-of-War, 1619
• Colonial laws
• The First Slave Auction at New Amsterdam in 1655
• Court document regarding Anthony Johnson
• Fort Mose
• A Way to Get Wealth
• The Selling of Joseph
• William Byrd's diary
• Portrait of Crispus Attucks in Boston Massacre
• An Englishman Tastes the Sweat of an African
• A View of Calabar
• Venture Smith's narrative
• Runaway notices
• Report from William Bull re. Stono Rebellion
• Report re. Stono Rebellion slave-catchers
• A List of White Persons taken into Custody on Account of the 1741 Conspiracy
• "Bars Fight"
• Portrait of Lemuel Haynes
• "Defense of Slavery in Virginia"
• The Marriage of Washington to Martha Custis
• "Of the Natural Rights of Colonists"
• Broadside announcing the sale of slaves
• "The Bloody Massacre..."
• Absalom Jones's marriage to Mary
• Runaway ad for Jem
• Illustration for Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects
• "To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth"
• Felix's petition
• Portrait of Phillis Wheatley
• Benezet Instructing Colored Children
• Illustration for Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects
• Letter to Reverend Samson Occum
• Abigail Adams's letter to her husband
• The Watchman's Alarm
• Portrait of John Murray, Lord Dunmore
• Proclamation of Earl of Dunmore
• "A List of the Names of Provincials..."
• Runaway ad for Titus
• Rough draft of the Declaration Of Independence
• George Washington crossing the Delaware River by Sully
• George Washington crossing the Delaware River by Leutze
• Petition 1/13/1777
• Bill of Sale for drumheads, Prince Hall to Boston Regiment
• Portrait of Elizabeth Freeman (Mum Bett)
• Portrait of a black Revolutionary War sailor
• American foot soldiers, Yorktown campaign
• Battle of Cowpens
• The Quock Walker case: "Instructions to the Jury"
• Cato's letter and petition to the Pennsylvania Assembly
• Living Africans Thrown Overboard
• Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia
• Boston King's memories of the evacuation from New York
• British pass issued to black Loyalist
• The Book of Negroes
• Sedgewick and Hull letter to Rush
• Portrait of Agrippa Hull
• Portrait of Benjamin Rush
• Pro-slavery petitions in Virginia
• Portrait of Richard Allen
• Washington's letter to Robert Morris
• The Boston Plan
• The Declaration of Independence
• The Constitution
• "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?"
• The Constitutional Convention, 1787
• The Accident in Lombard Street
• Preamble of the Free African Society
• Constitution and Minutes of the PAS
• Alexander Falconbridge's account of the slave trade
• A Tobacco Plantation
• The Washington Family
• "Address to the Public"
• Plan of a ship for transporting slaves
• Frontispiece of Equiano's autobiography
• Equiano's autobiography
• Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Thomas Jefferson by Peale
• Banneker's letter to Jefferson
• Jefferson's reply to Banneker
• A Memorial to the South Carolina Senate
• The Slave Trade (Morland)
• A Negro Hung Alive by the Ribs to a Gallows
• Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
• Extracts from journal of Elizabeth Drinker
• Mortality
• Rush's letter to Julia Rush
• A Short Account of the Malignant Fever...
• Cotton gin petition
• Goal, [Jail] in Walnut Street Philadelphia
• A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People...
• "A Discourse...African Church"
• Eli Whitney's cotton gin
• "The Causes and Motives for Establishing St. Thomas's African Church..."
• Benjamin Banneker's Almanac
• Petition of Prince Witten
• Flora
• Map of Philadelphia, c. 1796
• Church on John's Island
• Back of State House, Philadelphia
• Petition of the "People of Colour...Philadelphia"
• "Revenge Taken by the Black Army"
• Toussaint L'Ouverture
• A portrait of Sara Allen
• Jefferson's letter to James Monroe
• Rebel's statement from Gabriel's Conspiracy
• Confession of Solomon
• Tobias Lear to Madison
• Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church
• Jones's sermon on the abolition of the international slave trade
• Portrait of Absalom Jones
• Rush's letter to Samuel Bayard
• Pepper-Pot: A Scene in the Philadelphia Market
• Memoir of Captain Paul Cuffee, Liverpool Mercury
• Black People's Prayer Meeting
• Sheriff's sale
• A portrait of James Forten
• Meeting of Free People of Color of Richmond, Virginia
• "The Author noting down the narratives..."
• Forten letter to Cuffe
• Portrait of Morris Brown
• Camp's letter to Caldwell
• Plan of Fort Gadsden
• Portrait of Yarrow Mamout
• Fourth of July Celebration in Centre Square
• Religious Experience and Journal of Mrs. Jarena Lee
• American Colonization Society: a Memorial to the United States Congress
• Missouri Compromise
• "Reflections, Occasioned by the late Disturbances in Charleston "
• Denmark Vesey brought before the Court
• Sentence of Gullah Jack
• Confession of Monday Gell
• "A Slave Is Tortured"
• Fugitives Arriving at Indiana Farm
• Specimen of Modern Printing Types, No. 844
• Levi Coffin's Underground Railroad station
• "Is Miss Dinah at Home? "
• "Grand Celebration Ob De Bobalition Ob African Slabery"
• "Black Charge"
• Jim Crow
• "On the Management of the Butler Estate"
• Richard Allen in Walker's Appeal
• The Goree Warehouses, Liverpool
• David Walker's Appeal
• "Address to the Free People of Colour of these United States"
• William McLean, "Offended Dignity"
• Andrew Jackson's Second Annual Message
• Excerpt from Gifts of Power, Rebecca Cox Jackson
• The Richmond Enquirer on Nat Turner's Rebellion
• "The Confessions of Nat Turner"
• Nat Turner preaches religion
• Discovery of Nat Turner
• "Fear of Insurrection"
• The Liberator: "To the Public"
• Editorial Regarding "Walker's Appeal"
• Appendix to Memorial to Pennsylvania Legislature
• The Life, Experience, and Gospel Labors of the Rt. Rev. Richard Allen...
• Francis Anne Kemble as Bianca
• "Kidnapping a free Negro to be sold into slavery"
• Runaway notice for Harriet Jacobs
• Abolitionist Samuel J. May confronts a northern merchant
• Beneficial and Charitable Societies
• Beneficial Societies
• Charles Ball's narrative: Fifty Years in Chains
• Cherokee letter protesting the Treaty of New Etocha
• Letter describing new cotton lands
• Letter to William Basset
• Schools
• Male and Female Literary Societies
• The Trail of Tears
• Angelina Grimké Weld's speech at Pennsylvania Hall
• Slave with Iron Muzzle
• Butler plantation slave
• Slave quarters on St. Georges Island
• A Northern Freeman Enslaved by Northern Hands
• The Slave Trade (Biard)
• Interior of a Slave Ship
• Garnet's "Call to Rebellion"
• Portrait of Henry Highland Garnet
• Portrait of Jarena Lee
• Antislavery convention
• Daguerreotype of Pierce Butler
• "Family Group ('The Hidden Witness')"
• Letters to R. C. Ballard regarding slave woman abuse
• List & Inventory of Negroes on Plantation...
• Flogging a Slave Fastened to the Ground
• The Slave Chain
• Insurrection on Board a Slave Ship
• "Executive Committee of Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society"
• An American Slave Market
• "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro"
• Meeting in the African Church, Cincinnati, Ohio
• Letter to Garrison from Harriet Beecher Stowe
• The case of Mrs. Margaret Douglass
• Portrait of William Lloyd Garrison
• Anthony Burns notice
• Rendition of Anthony Burns
• Anthony Burns speaks
• Letter from Anthony Burns to the Baptist Church
• Pierce Butler's Philadelphia mansion
• "Free State Battery, 1856"
• Letter from Edward Bridgman
• Portrait of John Brown
• Portrait of Dred Scott
• Dred Scott case: the Supreme Court decision
• Lincoln's "House Divided" speech
• James Henry Hammond advocates slavery
• Harvesting the Rice
• "Harpers Ferry" headline
• John Brown Holds Hostage at Bay with Rifle
• Ride for Liberty -- Fugitive Slaves
• "What Became of the Slaves on a Georgia Plantation"
• Last words from John A. Copeland to family
• John Brown's address to the court
• The Slave Deck of the Bark "Wildfire"
• "Expulsion of Negroes and Abolitionists from Tremont Temple"
• Incident in Troy, New York
• The Hunted Slaves
• "War Begun" headline
• Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
• Slaves, Plantation of James Joyner Smith, Beaufort, South Carolina, 1862
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation
• Company E, 4th United States Colored Infantry
• Retaliation in camp
• Portrait of Frederick Douglass
• Letter from Harriet Jacobs to Ednah Dow Cheney
• A Visit from the Old Mistress
• The Cotton Press
• Slave Caravans on the Road
• Slave Offered in the Market
• laves Left to Die
• Portrait of Harriet Tubman
• Ready for Harvest
• Diary of a Refugee
• "Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race"
• Letter from Henry Tayloe on the domestic slave trade
• E. S. Abdy description of a Washington, D.C., slave pen
• H. E. Hayward and slave nurse Louisa
• George Fitzhugh advocates slavery
• A slave experience of being sold south

Modern Voices

• Catherine Ancholou on the importance of Equiano's narrative
• Catherine Ancholou on how Africans reacted to the possibility of being stolen into slavery
• Catherine Ancholou on Equiano's family's reaction when told about Equiano's story
• Catherine Ancholou on Equiano's people
• Catherine Ancholou on the difference between African slavery and American slavery
• Cornelia Bailey on Butler Island and slave life
• Cornelia Bailey on the Weeping Time
• David Blight on the formation of the Royal African Company
• David Blight on the meaning of British participation in the slave trade
• David Blight on the Declaration of Independence and morality
• David Blight on Jacksonian democracy
• David Blight on minstrelsy
• David Blight on racism in the abolitionist movement
• David Blight on William Lloyd Garrison
• David Blight on David Walker
• David Blight on Pennsylvania Hall
• David Blight on slave narratives and Uncle Tom's Cabin
• David Blight on the Dred Scott decision
• Timothy Breen on the relationship between black slaves and white indentured servants
• Catherine Brekus on Jarena Lee
• Catherine Clinton on the Weeping Time
• Thomas Davis on the first Africans in Virginia
• Thomas Davis on Anthony Johnson
• Thomas Davis on the differing visions of European settlers
• Thomas Davis on how Europeans handle labor in the New World
• Thomas Davis on the fears about the Spanish and Native Americans
• Thomas Davis on the reality in Jamestown
• Thomas Davis on what is unique about America between 1750 and 1800
• Thomas Davis on the impact of the Stono Rebellion on slaveowners
• Thomas Davis on the empowerment of Africans and the Stono Rebellion
• Thomas Davis on the long-term impact of the Stono Rebellion
• William Dunsinberre on the Weeping Time
• Douglas Egerton on the black support for the ACS
• Douglas Egerton on black response to colonization
• Douglas Egerton on the Haitian Revolution, Toussaint L'Ouverture, and Jefferson
• Douglas Egerton on the "positive good" theory of slavery
• Douglas Egerton on cotton
• John Ferling on Washington as a slave owner in Virginia
• John Ferling on Washington's attitudes towards slaves
• Eric Foner on the abolitionist movement
• Eric Foner on abolitionists and violence
• Eric Foner on the abolitionist vision
• Eric Foner on David Walker
• Eric Foner on slavery
• Eric Foner on the Fugitive Slave Act
• Eric Foner on the role of westward expansion
• James Horton on the legacy of slavery
• James Horton on antebellum slavery
• James Horton on Harpers Ferry
• James Horton on Bleeding Kansas
• Noel Ignatiev on the Civil War and emancipation
• Noel Ignatiev on the role of westward expansion
• Charles Joyner on the origins of the South Carolina colony
• Charles Joyner on the arrival of the Barbadians in South Carolina
• Charles Joyner on the origins of rice culture
• Charles Joyner on preparing the land for rice cultivation
• Charles Joyner on the task system in Carolina
• Charles Joyner on the Stono Rebellion's impact on slavery
• Charles Joyner on the Middle Passage
• Norrece Jones on the early status of Africans in Virginia
• Norrece Jones on the relationship between white and black children
• Norrece Jones on Mt. Vernon
• Norrece Jones on kidnapping and class
• Norrece Jones on Butler Island and slave life
• John Kaminski on the Declaration of Independence
• John Kaminski on the rough draft of the Declaration of Independence
• John Kaminski on post-war America in the 1780s
• John Kaminski on the word "slavery" in the Constitution
• Emma Lapsansky on the American Society of Free Persons of Colour
• Emma Lapsansky on kidnapping in Philadelphia
• Emma Lapsansky on Philadelphia
• Jeffrey Leath on Philadelphia
• Nell Irvan Painter on northern racism
• Nell Irvan Painter on soul murder and slavery
• Asoka Perbi on the impact of kidnappings on people's lifestyles
• Colin Powell on the Declaration of Independence and how it applied to black people
•  Colin Powell on the spirit of liberty
• Colin Powell on blacks fighting during the Revolutionary War
• Albert Raboteau on Allen's reaction to the ACS
• Albert Raboteau on Jarena Lee's conversion
• John Riley on Washington's position in 18th century Virginia
• Fath Ruffins on the division of slave labor
• Fath Ruffins on the supervision of women slaves
• Fath Ruffins on slavery's decline at the end of the Revolutionary War
• Fath Ruffins on free blacks at the end of the Revolutionary War
•  Fath Ruffins on blacks' reaction to Dunmore's Proclamation
• William Scarborough on the South and the abolitionist movement
• William Scarborough on David Walker
• William Scarborough on antebellum slavery
• William Scarborough on the Civil War and emancipation
• William Scarborough on Bleeding Kansas
• Julius Scott on John Brown Russworm and the Haitian Revolution
• Barry Unsworth on desperation of European slave traders
• Barry Unsworth on how slave traders kept control of the ship
• Barry Unsworth on what drew Europeans to be slave traders
• Barry Unsworth on how slavers looked upon the Africans
• Barry Unsworth on the slave crew
• Barry Unsworth on the Middle Passage
• Barry Unsworth on the threat of fasting during the Middle Passage
• Margaret Washington on the change from indentured labor towards enslaved labor
• Margaret Washington on Virginians' concerns about white and black servants
• Margaret Washington on the earliest Africans in Virginia
• Margaret Washington on Jemmy, the leader of the Stono Rebellion
• Margaret Washington on the idea of freedom for Stono rebels
• Margaret Washington on the impact of the Stono Rebellion
• Margaret Washington on the rise of Africans' concern after the Stono Rebellion
• Margaret Washington on the relationships between Europeans and Africans
• Margaret Washington on Elizabeth Freeman
• Margaret Washington on the formation of maroon communities
• Margaret Washington on Colonel Tye
• Margaret Washington on the impact of the cotton gin
• Margaret Washington on Philadelphia
• Margaret Washington on Jarena Lee's conversion
• Margaret Washington on moral suasion
• Margaret Washington on northern racism
• Margaret Washington on Harriet Jacobs
• Margaret Washington on Butler Island and slave life
• Deborah Gray White on the relationship between white and black children
• Deborah Gray White on the Revolutionary period
• Deborah Gray White on northern racism
• Deborah Gray White on the legacy of slavery
• Deborah Gray White on the importance of family
• John Edgar Wideman on the Yellow Fever epidemic
• Julie Winch on black support for the ACS and the Bethel meeting
• Julie Winch on the economic impetus for kidnapping
• Julie Winch on the kidnapping of children
• Julie Winch on Jones' and Allen's response to Carey
• Betty Wood on the early status of the Africans in Virginia
• Betty Wood on the propaganda to settle the New World
• Betty Wood on the Europeans' reaction to Native Americans
• Betty Wood on why the English did not use Native Americans for their work force
• Betty Wood on the implications of tobacco on labor needs in Virginia
• Betty Wood on Francis Le Jau's attitude towards the institution of slavery
• Betty Wood on Christianity and slavery
• Betty Wood on Le Jau's journals and Christianity
• Betty Wood on Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia
• Betty Wood on blacks fighting in the American Revolution
• Betty Wood on blacks leaving the U.S. with the British
• Betty Wood on Dumore's Proclamation and the fear of slave rebellion
• Betty Wood on controlling slaves after Dunmore's Proclamation
• Betty Wood on the significance of Dunmore's Proclamation
• Peter Wood on the Africans' arrival in 1619
• Peter Wood on inheriting the mother's slave status
• Peter Wood on the shift from indentured servitude to lifelong slavery
• Peter Wood on the difference between being a slave and a servant
• Peter Wood on the meaning of indentured sevants
• Peter Wood on the Africans' experience
• Peter Wood on the first settlers who come to America
• Peter Wood on the need for labor in Jamestown
• Peter Wood on English Protestantism
• Peter Wood on the evacuation of slaves in New York
• Peter Wood on black men during the Revolutionary War
• Peter Wood on Dunmore's Proclamation's effect on the war