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PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY |
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INDEX PART 1 ACADEMY of Naples, Royal, their controversy on the destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 351 Addison's opinion of Burnet's theory, 38 Adige, embankment of the, 184 ____ delta of the, 236 Adria, formerly a seaport, now twenty miles inland, 236. Adriatic, Marsilli on the arrangement of shells in the, 44 ____ Donati on the bed of the, 47, 85, 236 ____ its form favourable to the growth of deltas, 235 ____ rapid gain of land in the, 236 ____ its depth, 236 ____ Olivi on the distribution of sediment in the, 237 Africa, marine fossil shells of, mentioned by ancients, 18 ____ Malte-Brun on the heat radiated by, 106 ____ its shores undermined by currents, 299 ____ drift sands of the deserts, 301 ____ great current along the coast of, 309 __ violently shaken by earthquake of Lisbon in 1755, 439 ____ rise of the sea on the coast of, during the earthquake, 439 Agricola's theory of fossil remains, 25 Ahmedhabad, town of, destroyed by earthquake, 1819, 405 Air, circulation of in the atmosphere, 117 Aldborough, incursions of the sea formerly very destructive at, 274 ____ its ancient site now under the sea, 274 ____ its coast at present protected by sand banks, 274 Aleppo, earthquake of, in 1822, 403 Aleutian isles, eruptions frequent in, 317 ____ earthquakes in the, 408 Alluvial plain of Mississippi, size of, 185 ____ animals inhabiting it, 189 Alluvions, volcanic, 349 Alluvions in Scotland, 433 Alps, Saussure on the, 54 ____ tertiary rocks of the, 136 ____ relative age of the, 137 Alting, his account of the formation of the Zuyder Zee, 288 Amalphi, 83 Amazon, great rise of the tides in the river, 291 ____ sea discoloured by its waters three hundred miles from its mouth, 292 ____ large part of Guiana formed by its deposits, 292 ____ its sediment drifted by currents to the mouth of the Orinoco, 292, 309 American lakes, may cause deluges, 89 America, North, its eastern coast undermined, 291 Amiata, mount, description of, 202 Amici, Vito, on Moro's system, 46 Amonoosuck, flood in the valley of, 193 Amygdaloids, submarine lavas of Sicily converted into, 128 Andes, height of perpetual snow on the, 122 ____ volcanos of the, 315 Anio, river-flood of the, 196 ____ a flood on the, described by Pliny, 196 ____ once flowed through a chain of lakes, 208 Annus Magnus, duration of, 9 Anoplotherium, a tooth of, said to have been found at Binstead, 153 Antissa, joined to Lesbos by delta, 13 Antilles, earthquake in the smaller, 410 Antisana, volcano, 315 Apennines, character of their organic remains, 126 ____ their relative age, 135 Aqueous causes, 168 ____ lavas, description of, 349 Arabian doctrine of successive revolutions of the globe, 17 ____ gulf, volcano at its entrance, 324 Arabian writers of the tenth century, 21 Arbroath, houses, &c., swept away by the sea at, 264 Arduino, memoirs of 1759, 49 ____ on submarine volcanic eruptions, 49 ____ first divided rocks into primary, secondary, and tertiary, 49 ____ his views confirmed by Fortis and Desmarest, 51 ____ on submarine lavas and trap rocks of the Vicentin, 85 Aristarchus, 197 Aristophanes, his ridicule of the mundane egg, 12 Aristotelian system, 15 ____ theory of spontaneous generation, 26 Arso, Campo del, volcanic eruption from the point called, 333 Arve, sediment transported by the, 232 ____ section of the debris deposited by the, see diagram No. 6, 254 Ashes, volcanic, immense quantity ejected from the Tomboro mountain, 1815, 404 ____ distance to which they were transported, 404 Asia, always subject to earthquakes, 10 ____ coast of changed, 21 ____ causes of the extreme cold of part of, 107 ____ Minor, gain of land on the coast of, 308 Atchafalaya, drift wood in the river, 188 ____ section of the banks of the, 245 Atlantic, La Place on the mean depth of the, 115 ____ its relative level, 293 ____ rise of the tide in, 293 Atlantis, submersion of, 10 Atrio del Cavallo, 344 Auvergne, Desmarest on the relative ages of the volcanos of, 59 ____ Montlosier on volcanos of, 60 ____ salt deposited by springs in, 215 ____ carbonic acid gas plentifully disengaged in, 216 Ava, Mr. Crawfurd's discovery of fossils in, 33 ____ fossil wood of, M. de la Hire's memoir on, 1692, (note) 33 Avalanches, cattle and men buried by, in Switzerland, 98 Avernus, lake, mephitic vapours formerly exhaled from, 329 ____ a crater of an extinct volcano, 329 Avicenna, on mineralogy, 21 Azof sea, said to have been united with the Caspian, 320 ____ new island thrown up in, 321 Azores, icebergs drifted from Baffin's Bay to the, 111 ____ new islands thrown up near, 391, 438 ____ siliceous springs of the, 212 BADEN, gypseous springs of, 212 Baffin's Bay, enormous icebergs in, 109 Bagnes, valley of, bursting of a lake in the, 194 Baiae, changes on the coast of the bay of, 449 ____ ground plan of the coast of the bay of, see woodcut No. 30, 450 ____ section of the strata in the bay of, see woodcut No. 31, 450 ____ numerous proofs of subsidence in the bay of, 454 ____ re-elevation of the coast of the bay of, 457 Bakewell, Mr., Jun., on the Falls of Niagara, 181 Baku, escape of inflammable gas in the district of, 14 ____ volcanic tract called the field of fire near, 319 Balaruc, thermal waters of, in the delta of the Rhone, 233 Baldassari on the grouping of organic remains in the Sienese territory, 47 Baltic sea, Celsius' theory of the diminution of, 40 ____ deltas of the, 227 ____ supposed lowering of the level of the, 227 ____ action of currents on its shores, 294 Banchina, in Sicily, sea deepened by earthquake near, 416 Banks, on the basalt of Hecla, 58 Barren island, a supposed crater of elevation, 390 ____ height of the cone of, &c., 390 ____ view of the cone and crater of, see woodcut No. 17, 390 ____ supposed section of, 393 Basalt of Hesse, Raspe on the true nature of, 1768, 58 ____ Werner's erroneous theory of, 58 ____ of Hecla, Banks, Solander, and Troil, on, 1772, 58 ____ of the Vivarais, Guettard on, 58 ____ of Velay and Vivarais, Faujas on, 1779, 58 ____ columnar, of Central France, 346 Barsoe, rate of loss of land in the island of, 295 Bassano, Mr. Murchison on the tertiary deposits of, 137 Batavia, earthquake at, 1699, 444 ____ the river obstructed and floods caused, 444 ____ cattle, &c., drowned, 444 Bauza, his chart of the Gulf of Mexico, 310 Bayfield, Capt., on the geology of Lake Superior, 225 Bay of Bengal, its depth opposite the mouths of the Ganges, 241 ____ of Findhorn blocked up by drift sand, 300 Beachey Head, fall of the chalk cliffs of, 278 Beaufort, Capt., on the gain of land on the coast of Asia Minor, 309 Beaumont, M. Elie de, on the relative age of mountain chains, 138 ____ on the relative age of the Pyrenees, 138 Beechey, Capt., on the depth at which corals grow in Ducie's island, 130 __ on the elevation of the Bay of Conception, 440 Belcher, Capt., on the elevation of Conception Bay, 440 Bell rock, stones of two tons weight thrown up by storms on the, 264 Bergmann, on waste of Yorkshire coast, 267 Beshtau, earthquakes in the province of, 437 Beudant, on travertine of Hungary, 211 Bewick, 273 Bhooi, town of, destroyed by earthquake, 405 Bies Bosch, new bay formed by the sea in Holland, 287 Bigsby, Dr., on the height to which autumnal gales raise the waters of Lake Superior, 226 Bima, anchorage at, altered by earthquake, 1815, 404 Binstead, tooth of an Anoplotherium said to have been found at, 153 Bison, found fossil in Yorkshire, 96 Bistineau, a new lake formed by the Red River, 190 Bitumen, oozing from the bottom of the sea near Trinidad, 218 Bituminous springs, 218 ____ shales, 219 Bizona, town submerged, 19 Black lake, 190 Black sea, calcareous springs near the, 211 Blue mountains in Jamaica shattered by earthquakes, 446 Bluffs of Mississippi described, 186 Boase, Mr., his account of the Lionnesse tradition, 283 ____ on inroads of sea near Penzance, 283 Boase, Mr., on drift sand in Cornwall, 301 Bogota, earthquake of, 1827, 401 Bologna, institute of, supports diluvial hypothesis, 42 Bonajutus, on the subsidence of the coast of Sicily, 445 Bore, tidal wave called the, 292 ____ the, very frequent in the Bristol channel, 292 ____ very common in the Ganges, 292 ____ its cause and velocity, 292 Boscomb chine, 281 Boscovich, his theory of earthquakes, 1772, 53 ____ supposed earthquakes to have grown feebler, 53 Bothnia, gradual conversion of the gulf of, into dry-land, 228 Boue, M., on the strata of the Pyrenees, 138 Bourbon, island, volcanic, 324 Bourdones, river, shoal upheaved at its mouth, 410 Boyle, remarks of on the bottom of the sea, (note) 30 Bracini, his description of Vesuvius before the eruption of 1631, 338 Brahmins, 7 Brander, on the fossils of Hampshire, 52 Brenta, delta of the, 236 Brieslak, on the subsidence of the mole at Puzzuoli, 455 ____ on the temple of Serapis, 456 ____ on prismatic lavas of Vesuvius, 346 Brighton, waste of the cliffs of, 279 Brine springs of Cheshire, 215 Brocchi, his discourse on fossil conchology, (note) 23 ____ on Burnet's theory, 41 ____ on the deposition of the Subapennine beds, 135 ____ his account of the various writers on the delta of the Po, 236 Broderip, Mr., on the opossum of Stonesfield, (note) 150 ____ shells from Conception Bay examined by, (note) 441 Brongniart, M. Ad.; on the fossil plants of the coal formation, 100 ____ on the fossil plants of strata between the coal and the chalk, 101 ____ on the proportion of ferns to other plants in islands, 123 Brongniart, M. Alex., on the comparative insignificance of modern 1avastreams, 375 ____ on shells of existing species at great heights in Sweden, 230 Browallius, on the filling up of the gulf of Bothnia, 229 Buckland, Dr., on fossil elephants, &c., in India, (note) 7 ____ on the rocks of the Bristol coalfield, 132 ____ on dicotyledonous wood of Northumberland coal-field, 147 Buffon, his theory of the earth, 1749, 47 ____ his system opposed to that of Hooke, Ray, and Moro, 47 ____ his theory reproved by the Sorbonne, 47 ____ his " Declaration" renouncing his theory of the earth, 47 ____ on the secondary origin of mountains, 47 Bure, town submerged, 19 Burnet, his theory of the earth, 37 ____ on the causes of the deluge, 37 ____ general conflagration described by, 38 ____ on the seat of Paradise, 38 ____ praised by Steele, Addison, and Warton, 38 ____ Voltaire's remarks on the theory of, 66 Burrampooter, delta of the, 240 Butler, Burnet's theory concerning Paradise, ridiculed by, 38 Byron, Lord, cited, on the permanency of the ocean, 459 CADO lake, 190 Caesar on the Druids, 19 Caithness schists, scales of a tortoise, &c., found in the, 148 Calabria, Scilla on the fossils of, 29 __ recent fossils of, 94 ____ earthquake of 1783 in, 412 ____ geological description of, 414 ____ reflections on the earthquake of 1783 in, 431 Calcaire Grossier, organic remains of the, 99 Calcareous matter, immense quantity conveyed to the sea, 211 ____ springs of central France, 200 ____ springs of the valley of the Elsa, 201 ____ springs of Tuscany, 201 ____ springs between the Caspian and Black seas, 211 Caldera, siliceous sinter of the, 213 ____ central cavity in the isle of Palma, see woodcut No. 16, 388 ____ geological description of the, 389 ____ supposed by Von Buch to be a crater of elevation, 389 California, five volcanos in, 316 Callao, town destroyed by the sea, 321 ____ part of the coast near, converted into a bay by earthquakes, 442 Callao, great rise of the sea at, 442 Caltabianca, river, lava excavated by the, 177 Camden, his account of traditions of losses of land in Pembrokeshire, &c., 283 Campagna di Roma, calcareous deposits of the, 206 Canary islands, volcanic eruptions in the, 324, 380 Canopus, an island in the time of Scylax, 238 ____ overwhelmed by the sea, 239 Cantal, Plomb du, described, 395 Cape of Good Hope, icebergs sometimes seen off, 111 ____ May, rate of encroachment of the sea at, 291 Caraccas, earthquakes in the, 1790, 410 ____ destroyed by earthquake, 1812, 407 Carang Assam, volcano in eruption about 1808, 405 Carbonate of lime abundant in the delta of the Rhone, 235 Carbonated springs, 216 Carbonic acid gas plentifully disengaged in Auvergne, 216 ____ its effects on rocks, 217 Cardiganshire, ancient tradition of the loss of land in, 283 Carelli, Signor, on the temple of Serapis, 453 Carew on St. Michael's mount, 283 Cariaco, bed of the sea raised near, 437 Caribbean sea, tides scarcely perceptible in, 293 Caridi, river, its course changed by earthquakes, 425 Carpenter, Dr., on the encroachment of the sea at Lyme Regis, 282 Casalmaggiore, island carried away by the Po, opposite to, 182 Caspian, Pallas on the former extent of the, 54 ____ calcareous springs near the, 211 ____ evaporation of the, 235 ____ subterranean movements violent along its borders, 319 ____ said to encroach on the land, 319 ____ inflammable gas, &c., on its western shores, 319 ____ its level lower than that of the Black Sea, 320 ____ said to have been united with the sea of Azor, 320 Cassander, on the duration of the Annus Magnus, 9 Cassas, M., his account of the earthquake in Murcia, 400 Catania, overwhelmed by lava in 1669, 365 Catania destroyed by earthquakes, 445 Catastrophes, general, two kinds of taught by the Stoics, 9 Catcott, on the deluge, 1761, 50 __ laboured to refute the diluvian theory of Bishop Clayton, 50 ____ insisted on the universality of the deluge, 50 ____ refers to traditions of deluges in different countries, 50 Cattegat, devastations caused by the current in the, 294 Catwyck, loss of land at, 287 Caucasus, Pallas on the calcareous springs of the, 210 ____ earthquakes frequent in the, 321 ____ abounds in hot springs, 321 ____ subsidence caused by earthquakes in the, 437 Cavanilles on the earthquake of Quito in 1797, 410 Caverns in limestone caused by water charged with carbonic acid, 211 ____ on Etna, 366 Caves, abundance of animal remains in, 154 Celsius, on the diminution of the Baltic, 40, 227 ____ controversy caused by the theory of, 40 Censorinus, 15 Central France, lavas excavated in, 176 ____ comparison between its lavas and those of Iceland, 373 Central heat, remarks on the supposed diminution of, 141 Cephalonia, earthquakes in the island of, in 1783, 414 Cesalpino, on organic remains, 1596, 26 Chalk, Mr. Mantell on the fossils of the, 140 ____ of Goslar, error of Werner in his account of the, 57 ____ remarks on its deposition, 138 Changes now in progress not easily observed by man, 81 Chasm near Oppido formed by earthquake of Calabria, 1783, 420 ____ in the hill of St. Angelo, formed by the same earthquake, see woodcut No. 24, 421 Chaluzet, calcareous spring rising through gneiss at, 201 ____ volcanic cone of, 216 Chepstow, great rise of the tides at, 257 Cheshire, brine springs of, 215 Chesil Ballk, its size and composition, 281 Chesilton, overwhelmed by storm of November, 1824, 282 Chili, elevation caused by one earthquake in, 80 Chili, numerous volcanos in, 314 ____ earthquake of 1822 in, 401 ____ earthquake of 1760 in, 437
Chimborazo, height of, insignificant when compared to the
earth's diameter, China, excessive climate of, 107 ____ violent earthquakes have been felt in, 319 Chines, or narrow ravines, described, 281 Christ Church Head promontory, wastes slowly, 280 Chronological computations of the age of deltas, 223 Cicero, cited, 29 Cimbrian deluge, 295 Cinquefrondi, changes of the surface caused by landslips in, see woodcut No. 27, 427 Circular hollows formed by earthquakes in Murcia, 401 ____ formed by earthquakes in Chili, 1822, 402 ____ formed by earthquake in Calabria, 1783, see woodcut No. 28, 428 ____ section of one of these, see woodcut No. 29, 429 Civita Vecchia, granular rock deposited by springs at, 206 Clashbinnie, organic remains in the old red sandstone of, 148 Clayton, Bishop, on the deluge, 50 Clermont, calcareous springs at, rising through volcanic peperino, 200 Climate, of Europe, Raspe on the former, 52 ____ change of, in the northern hemisphere, 92 direct proofs of a change in, 93 ____ proofs of a change of, from size of fossil and recent shells in Sicily, &c., 94 ____ proofs from analogy of a change of, 96 ____ remarks on the extent of change in, 103 ____ on the causes of vicissitudes in, 104 ____ its connexion with the distribution of land and sea, 105 ____ change of, in the plain of Malpais, caused by volcamc eruptions, 124 Climates, definition of insular and excessive, 97 ____ places having insular or excessive, 107 Coal strata, M. Ad. Brongniart on the fossil plants of the, 100 ____ insular character of the plants of the, 128 Coal strata, rarity of dicotyledonous wood in the, 147 ____ formation, not found in the south of Europe, 126 Colebrooke, Mr. H. T., on the crocodiles of the Ganges, 243 Colebrooke, Major, on the course of the Ganges, 247 on the transportation of matter by the Ganges, 247 Colle, travertin of, 201 College, transportation of rocks by the, 174 Collini, on the igneous rocks of the Rhine, 1774, 58 Colombia, earthqnakes in, 437 Colonna, his theory of organic remains, 27 ____ first distinguished between marine and land fossil shells, 27 Comet, deluge attributed by Whiston to a, 39 Concentric travertin of Tivoli, 208 Conception, destruction of the town of by earthquake, in 1750, 440 ____ great elevation of the bay of, 440 Conflagration of the world, 24 ____ of the earth, described by Burnet, 38 Conglomerate forming at the foot of the maritime Alps, 252 ____ forming at the mouth of the Isonzo, 237 ____ volcanic, in the Isle of Lancerote, 383 Convergence of deltas, 251 Conybeare, Rev. W. D., on the rocks of the Bristol coal field, 132 Cook, Captain, his conjecture as to the existence of high land near the South Pole, 109 Copernican theory, edicts against repealed at Rome in 1818, 62 Cordier, M., on the temperature of the interior of the earth, 142 Cordilleras shaken by earthquakes in 1812 and 1827, 401, 407 Cork, dicotyledonous wood in the graywacke of, 147 Cornwall, Mr. Boase on waste of the cliffs of, 283 ____ land inundated by drift sand in, 301 Cortesi, 53 Cosmogony distinct from geology, 4 ____ of the Hindoos, 5 ____ Egyptian, 9 ____ of the Koran, 22 Costantini, deluge vindicated by, 42 Cotopaxi, 315 Cowper, 67 Craters of elevation, Von Buch's theory of, considered, 386 Crawfurd, Mr., his discovery of fossils in Ava, 33 Creation, Mahomet's account of the, 22 ____ Moro's theory of the, adapted to the Mosaic account, 43 Cremona, lakes filled up or drained near, 183 Crimea, waste of the cliffs in the, 294 Crocodiles of two species in the delta of the Ganges, 243 Cromer, waste of the cliffs of, 269 ____ its ancient site now part of the German Ocean, 269 Culver cliff, composed of chalk, 279 Cumana, earthquake of, 1797, 410 ____ town of, destroyed, 410 Current along the shores of Egypt, 239 ____ along the coast of Africa, 309 ____ sediment of the Amazon transported by, 309 Currents from equatorial regions, 108 ____ from the Pole to the Equator, 118 ____ section of debris deposited by opposing, see diagram No. 6, 254 ____ causes of, 256 ____ destroying and transporting power of, 256 ____ in estuaries, their power, 264 ____ in the Straits of Gibraltar, 295 __ sediment conveyed to immense distances by, 308, 310 ____ gain of land on coast of Syria caused by, 308 ____ reproductive effects of, 303 ____ their course on the British shores 303 Curves of the Mississippi, 186 Cutch, in Bombay, earthquake of, 1819, 405 Cuvier, his eloge of Desmarest, 60 ____ on the opossum of Stonesfield, 150 ____ his remark on the durability of the bones of men, 154 Cyprus, rocks reported to have risen near, during earthquake in 1822, 403 DANIELL, on the trade-winds, 118 Danish Archipelago, undermined by currents, 294 Dante, embankment of rivers noticed by, 184 Dantzic, waste of the land near, 294 Darby, on the drift wood of the Mississippi, 187 ____ his account of the new lakes formed by the Red River, 190 ____ on the marine strata of Lower Louisiana, 191 Darby, on the delta of the Mississippi, 245 Daubeny, Dr., on the volcanic origin of the country round the Dead Sea, 215 ____ on the vicinity of volcanos to the sea, 468 D'Aubuisson, his eulogium of Smith's map of England, 71 Davy, Sir H., on the waters of the lake of the Solfatara, 207 ____ on the formation of travertin, 207 ____ his theory of progressive development, 144 ____ on the rebuilding of cities on the same spot after their destruction by lava, 358 Davy, Rev. C., on the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, 438 Dead Sea, muriatic salts abundant in its waters, 215 ____ the country around it volcanic, 322 Dee, river, bridge over, swept away by floods, 174 Deficiency of ancient accounts of earthquakes, 399 De la Beche, Mr., on the delta of the Rhone in the lake of Geneva, 221 De la Hire, on fossil wood from Ava, 1692, 33 Delhi territory, elephants covered with shaggy hair in the, 99 Delta of the Rhone, in Lake of Geneva, 221 ____ proofs of its advance in the last eighteen centuries, 232 ____ of the Rhone in the, Mediterranean, 232 ____ its gradual advance, 232 ____ in great part composed of calcareous rock, 234 ____ of the Po, 235 ____ of the Isonzo, 236 ____ of the Tagliamento, 236 ____ of the Brenta, 236 ____ of the Adige, 236 ____ of the Nile, 238 ____ changes in, since the time of Homer, 238 ____ of the Burrampooler, 240 ____ of the Ganges, 240 ____ animals inhabiting the, 241 ____ stratification of the, 253 ____ of the Mississippi, 245 ____ its advance since New Orleans was built, 245 ____ its stratification, 253 Deltas, chronological computations of the age of, 223 ____ of Lake Superior, 225 ____ of the Baltic, 227 Deltas, oceanic, 240 ____ remarks on the grouping of strata in, 249 ____ convergence of, 251 ____ independent in same basin, 251 ____ of the Po and Adige have become confluent, 251 ____ of the Ganges and Burrampooter have probably become confluent in historical times, 252 De Luc, his treatise on geology, 1809, 68 ____ affirmed that religion was attacked by geology, 68 ____ on the excavation of valleys, 70 ____ his remarks on the age of deltas, 224 ____ his natural chronometers, 301 Deluge, of Deucalion, 15 ____ described in the Koran, 22 ____ mentioned by Persian magi, 22 ____ fossil shells referred to the, 23 ____ Rayon the causes of the, 36 ____ Burnet and Woodward's account of the, 37 ____ attributed by Whiston to a comet, 39 ____ all stratified deposits referred to, by Whiston, 39 ____ cause of, how explained by Leibnitz, 40 ____ Scheuchzer's theory of the, 40 ____ Pluche on the, 41 ____ truth of the, supported by Costantini, 42 ____ Catcott's treatise on the, 50 ____ Bishop Clayton's explanation of the, 50 ____ Cimbrian, 295 Deluges part of the present course of Nature, 89 ____ local, how caused, 192 ____ traditions of different, 320 Denmark free from earthquakes, 232 Derbyshire, Whitehurst on the rocks of, 53 Deshayes, M., on the fossil shells of the Paris basin, 100 Desmarest considered geology a branch of physical geography, 4 ____ Arduino's views confirmed by, 58 ____ on Auvergne, 59 ____ character of his map of, 59 ____ his answer to a Neptunist; 60 ____ on the separation of England from France, 277 Destruction and renovation of the world, an oriental doctrine, 9 Deterioration of mankind, 9 ____ origin of the doctrine, 10 Deucalion's deluge, Aristotle's opinion of, 15 Dicotyledonous wood in the coal strata of Northumberland, 147 ____ in the graywacke of Cork, 147 Dikes in Vesuvitis, how formed, 342 Diluvial theory, 29 ____ progress of geology retarded by the, 30 ____ opposed by geologists of Tuscany, 42 ____ supported by Institute of Bologna, 42 Dimlington height, rapid waste of, 266 Diodorus Siculus on early eruptions of Etna, 363 Dion Cassius, his account of the eruption of Vesuvius in 79, 332 Dioscorides, 25 Disputations, scholastic, effect of in dark ages, 25 Dollart, formation of the estuary of the, 289 Dolomieu on the strata of the Val di Noto, Vicentin, and Tyrol, 60 ____ on the ancient lavas of Etna, 59 ____ on the decomposition of granite, 217 ____ on the earthquake of 1783 in Calabria, 413 Don, transportation of rocks by the river, 174 Donati, his investigation of the bed of the Adriatic, 1750, 47, 85, 236 Dorsetshire, description of a landslip in, 281 Dover, waste of the chalk cliffs of, 276 ____ depth of the sea near, 276 ____ formation of the Straits of, 277 Dranse, river draining the Valley of Bagnes, 194 ____ shifted its course after the debacle of 1818 in Valley of Bagnes, 195 Drift sand of the African deserts, cities buried under, 301 ____ wood of the Mississippi, 187, 245 Drongs, granitic rocks of Shetland worn away by the sea, see woodcuts No. 9 and 10, 262 Druids, their belief in future catastrophes of the world, 19 Ducie's Isle, Captain Beechey on the formation of coral in, 130 Dufrenoy, M., on the relative age of the Pyrenees, 138 Dunes, hills of blown sand, coast of Norfolk protected by, 268 ____ on coast of France, 300 ____ near the estuary of the Tay, 300 ____ on the shores of the Nile, 300 Dunwich, its gradual destruction by the sea, 272 ____ Gardner's account of the destruction of, 272 Durham, magnesian limestone of, invaded by the sea, 266 EARTH, antiquity of the, 24 ____ centre of gravity of the, a change in it supposed by Ray, 36 ____ axis of the, has not changed according to Newton and Laplace, 39 a change in the axis of the, a leading dogma in Burnet's theory, 39 ____ inorganic causes of change on its surface, 167 Earthquake in Murcia, 1829, 400 ____ in Bogota, 1827, 401 ____ in Chili, 1822, 401 ____ in Aleppo, 1822, 403 ____ in the Ionian isles, 1820, 403 ____ in the island of Sumbawa, 1815, 403 ____ of Cutch, 1819, 405 ____ in Caraccas, 1812, 407 ____ in South Carolina, 1811, 407 ____ in the Aleutian isles, 1806, 408 ____ in Quito, 1797, 410 ____ in Cumana, 1797, 410 ____ in Caraccas, 1790, 410 ____ in Sicily, 1790, 411 ____ in Java, 1786, 411 ____ in Calabria, 1783, 412 ____ duration of the shocks, 412 ____ numerous accounts of, 413 ____ extent of the territory convulsed, 414 ____ in Java, 1772, 436 ____ in the Caucasus, 1772, 437 ____ in Java, 1771, 437 ____ in Colombia, 1766, 437 ____ in Chili, 1760, 437 ____ in the Azores, 1757, 438 ____ in Lisbon, 1755, 438 ____ in St. Domingo, 1751, 440 ____ in Conception, 1750, 440 ____ in Peru, 1746, 442 ____ in Kamtschatka, 1737, 443 ____ in Martinique, 1727, 443 ____ in Iceland, 1725, 443 ____ in Teneriffe, 1706, 443 ____ in Java, 1699, 444 ____ in Quito, 1698, 445 ____ in Sicily, 1693, 445 ____ in the Moluccas, 1693, 445 ____ in Jamaica, 1692, 445 Earthquakes, Asia always subject to, 10 ____ Egypt nearly exempt from, 10 ____ Strabo's theory of, 18, 34 ____ Hooke on the changes caused by, 34 ____ under the sea, Hooke's opinion of, 34 ____ simultaneous extent of, mentioned by Hooke, 34 ____ Lazzoro Moro on, 1740, 42 ____ Generelli's account of, 45 ____ Michell on the cause and phenomena of, 50 ____ originality of Michell's theory of, 50 Earthquakes, Raspe's theory or, 1763, 51 ____ Boscovich on the effects of, 1772, 53 ____ Hutton's theory of, no advance on tha1 of Hooke, 63 ____ Hutton's theory of, compared to Generelli's, 64 ____ energy of, probably uniform as regards the whole earth, 64 ____ force of, confined for ages to one place, 64
____ their gradual operation in former ____ earth's surface continually remodelled by, 113 ____ in the basin of the Mississippi in 1812, 191 ____ all countries liable to slight shocks of, 324 ____ their effects, 399 ____ deficiency of ancient accounts of, 399 ____ atmospheric phenomena attending, 400 ____ difficulty of measuring the effects of, 416 ____ excavation of valleys aided by, 433 ____ reflections on those of the nineteenth century, 409 ____ reflections on those of the last one hundred and forty years, 447, 473 ____ deficiency of historical records concerning, 447 ____ renovating effects of, 474, 479 ____ uniformity of the action of, 460 ____ opinions of the ancients concerning, 462 __ and volcanos, their relation, 463 ____ cause of the wave-like motion of, and retreat of the sea during, 470 Ecchellensis, Abraham, 17 Edmonston island at the mouth of the Ganges, 242 Egypt, hills of, known by the priests to contain fossil shells, 7 ____ nearly exempt from earthquakes, 11, 323 Egyptian theory of eternal succession of events, 156 ____ cosmogony, 9 Elephant, fossil in India, (note) 8 ____ fossil, in ice on shores of the North Sea, 54 ____ fossil tusks of the, found at Puglia, 25 ____ fossil of Italy, Targioni on the, 49 Elephants covered with shaggy hair in the Delhi territory, 99 Elevation of land by earthquakes, Hooke on the, 34 ____ of continents, not by paroxysmal eruptions, 88 Elevation craters, Von Buch's theory of, considered, 386 ____ of the coast of Chili, 402 ____ of the Bay of Conception, 441 ____ and subsidence, proportion of, 476 Elk, fossil, noticed by Generelli, 44 Elsa, travertin formed by the, 201 Embankment, system of in Italy, 184 ____ noticed by Dante in the fourteenth century, 184 ____ gain of land in the Adriatic more rapid in consequence of, 236 Engelhard, on the Caspian sea, 319 England, Smith's map of, 70 ____ D'Aubuisson's eulogium on Smith's map of, 71 ____ waste of land on the east coast of, 266 ____ encroachments of the sea on the south coast of, 278 ____ slight shocks of earthquakes felt in, 325 Epomeo, Monte, structure, height, &c., 328 ____ of submarine origin, 329 ____ volcanic cones on, 329 Equinoxes, procession of the, 110 Eratosthenes, 18 Eruptions, volcanic, number of per year, 397 Erigebirge, mistake of Werner as to the mica slate of the, 57 Escher, M., on the flood in the valley of Bagnes, 195 Essex, inroads of the sea. on the coast of, 275 Estuary of the Thames both gains and loses land, 275 Estuaries described, 265 ____ new ones formed by the sea in Holland, 289 ____ kept open by the combined influence of tides and currents, 304 ____ tide longer flowing down than up in some, 304 ____ gain of land in, does not compensate loss of coast, 304 Etampes, Voltaire's remarks on the discovery of fossil bones near, 66 Etangs, or salt lakes in the delta of the Rhone, 234 Etna, Dolomieu on ancient lavas of, 59 ____ difference between the lavas of, and those of submarine volcanos, 128 ____ lavas of, excavated by rivers, 177 ____ quantity of lava poured out in 1669 by, 248 ____ comparison between the lavas of, and the sediment of the Ganges, 248 ____ unusually active during the great pause in the eruptions of Vesuvius, 334 Etna, its cone truncated in 1444, 392 ____ said to be an ancient crater of elevation, 394 ____ ____ its height, circumference, &c., 361 ____ divided by nature into three regions, 361 ____ frequent destructions of its cone, 362 ____ ____ minor volcanos on, 362 ____ buried cones on the flanks of, 363 ____ has been in activity from the earliest times, 363 __ great eruption of 1669, 364 ____ formation of Monti Rossi on, 364 ____ fissures on the sides of, 364 ____ towns and villages on, overflowed by the lava of 1669, 365 ____ subterranean caverns on, 366 ____ eruptions of 1811 and 1819, 367 ____ cones thrown up in 1819, 368 ____ great floods caused by the melting of snow on, 369 ____ glacier found under lava on, 369 ____ manner of preserving snow on the higher regions of, 370 ____ its appearance during Calabrian earthquake, 430 Euganean Hills, ancient lavas of, 325 Engulphing of houses, &c., during Calabrian earthquake, 420 Euphrates, Pliny on the gain of land at its mouth, 291 Euxine burst its barrier, according to Strato, 18 ____ gradually filling up, 18 ____ cliffs undermined by currents in the, 294 Evaporation, quantity of water carried off by, 235 Excavation of valleys, 431 ____ Hutton and De Luc's theory of the, 70 Excessive climates, description of, 106 Extinct species, Hooke's remarks on, 32 Eyderstide, overwhelmed by the sea, 295 Eyfel, 192 FABIO Colonna, 27 Fair Island, action of the sea on the sandstone of, 263 Falconi on the elevation of the coast of the Bay of Baiae, 457 Falloppio, his doctrine concerning organized fossils, 25 Falls of Niagara, 179 ____ of St. Mary, only outlet to Lake Superior, 226 Farquharson, Rev. J., on the great floods in Scotland in 1829, 174 Faujas, on the Velay and Vivarais, 1779, 58 Fault in the tower of Terranuova caused by an earthquake, see woodcut No. 20, 417 Ferishta, 7 Ferns, &c., silicified by springs in St. Michael's, 213 Ferrara, his account of the lava poured out from Etna in 1669, 248 ____ his account of floods on Etna, 369 ____ on earthquake of 1790 in Sicily, 411 Ferruginous springs, 214 Fetlar, effect of lightning on the rocks of, 260 Fez frequently suffers from earthquakes, 323 Fife, coast of, submarine forests on the, 265 ____ encroachments of the sea on the coast of, 265 Findhorn, town of, swept away by the sea, 264 Fissures, sulphur, &c., ejected by, in Sicily, 411 ____ sulphureous vapours emitted by, in Java, 411 different elevation of the sides of, in Calabria, caused by earthquake of 1783, 416 ____ near Polistena, caused by earthquake, see woodcut No. 19, 417 ____ near Jerocarne, see woodcut 22, 419 ____ cause of the opening and closing of, 419 ____ dimensions of new ones in Calabria, 421 Fitton, Dr., on the Maestricht beds, 140 Flamborough Head washed into caves by the ocean, 266 Fleming, Dr., on uniformity in climate, 93 ____ his remark on the food of the fossil elephant, 97 on submarine forests in the estuaries of the Tay and Forth, 265, 270 Flint, on the length of the course of the Mississippi, 185 ____ on the population of the Mississippi valley, 189 ____ on the earthquakes in the Mississippi valley, 408 Floods, bursting of lakes, &c., 192 ____ in North America, 193 ____ in the valley of Bagnes, 194 ____ in Scotland, August, 1829, 174 ____ at Tivoli, 196 Floods on Etna, caused by melting of snow, 369 Florence of Worcester, his account of a storm in Nov. 1099, 282 Florus, his account of the Cimbrian Deluge, 295 Fluviatile formations mentioned by Steno, 28 Foah, advance of the delta of the Nile near the city of, 238 Folkestone, subsidence of land at, 278 Fontenelle, his eulogy on Palissy, 27 Forbes, Mr., on the subsidences in the Bay of Baiae, 455 ____ on the temple of Serapis, 456 Forfarshire, encroachments of the sea on the coast of, 264 Formosa, violent earthquakes in, 318 Forsyth, his description of the climate of Italy, 360 Fortis, on the Arabian doctrine of new genera and species, 17 ____ and Testa, their controversy on fossil fish of Monte Bolea, 52 __ views of Arduino confirmed by, 58 Fossa Grande on Vesuvius described, 395 Fossil shells, attributed to a "plastic virtue" by Dr. Plot, 31 ____ Lister's opinion of, 31 ____ speculations concerning their nature, 29 ____ formerly all referred to the Deluge, 29 ____ plants of the coal strata, 102 Fossils, Brander's argument against, referring to the deluge, 52 Fourier, Baron, on the temperature of the spaces surrounding our atmosphere, 120 ____ on central heat, 141 Fracastoro, his opinion concerning organic remains, 23 France, art of mining how taught in, 55 __ its coast the constant prey of the waves, 283 ____ villages of, washed away by the sea, 284 French, their great progress in the study of organic remains, 72 Fresh-water formations of the Paris basin, 99 Fresh-water and marine strata, alternations of, described by Generelli, 44 Freyberg, school of, 63 Funchal, rise of the sea during earthquake at, 439 GABEL Tor, a volcano in Arabian gulf, 324 Ganges, delta of the, 240 ____ its ancient mouths, 241 Ganges, size and rate of advance of its delta, 241 ____ inundations of the, 244 Rennell on the quantity of earthy matter in the waters of the, 247 Rennell on the quantity of water discharged by the, 247 and Burrampooter not yet completely united, 253 stratification of the deposits in its delta, 253 Garachico, in Teneriffe, overwhelmed by lava, 413 Gardner, his account of the destruction of Dunwich by the sea, 272 Gas, inflammable, escape of, 14 Gases exhaled by volcanos, 469 Gaulish Druids, 19 Gemmellaro, his account of the eruption of Etna in 1811, 367 ____ his discovery of ice under lava, 370 Generation, spontaneous, theory of, 26 Generelli, his exposition of the state of geology in Europe in the middle of 18th century, 43 ____ on organic remains, 44 on vegetable productions found in different states of maturity, 44 on fossil elephants, elks, &c, 44 on alternations of marine and fresh water strata, 44 on grouping of marine animals in strata, 44 ____ teaches that fossils cannot be accounted for by the deluge, 45 ____ his explanation of the imbedding of marine animals in mountains, 45 ____ on the effects of earthquakes in recent times, 45 ____ waste of land by running water described by, 45 ____ his opinion that mountains could not be so great if their ruins were not repaired, 45 ____ his theory of primary rocks, 63 ____ his theory of earthquakes compared to Hutton's, 64 Geneva, lake of, men drowned above Martigny floated into the, 195 ____ gradually filling up, 221 ____ Mr. De la Beche on the delta of the Rhone in the, 221 Geognosy of Werner, 55 Geography, proofs of former changes in physical, 125 Geological evidence; its value depends on the assumption of uniformity of nature, 165 Geological Society of London, formation of, 71 Geological Society, good effects resulting from the foundation of the, 72 Geological theories, causes of error in, 76 Geology defined, 1 ____ compared to history, 1 ____ its relation to other Physical sciences, 2 ____ distinct from cosmogony, 3 ____ considered by Werner as part of mineralogy, 4 ____ causes of its retardation, 29, 67, 75 ____ state of, in Europe, before middle of last century, 44 ____ applied to the art of mining by Werner, 55 ____ remarks of Kirwan and De Luc, on the connexion of, with religion, 68 ____ modern progress of, 73 ____ practical advantages derived from the study of, 74 Georgia, in the island of, perpetual snow to the level of the sea, 110 Gerbanites, an Arabian sect, on extinction of species, 17 German Ocean gradually filling up, 306 Germany, art of mining, how taught in, 55 Geysers of Iceland, 213; see woodcut No. 32, 464 ____ cause of their intermittent action, 465 ____ supposed section of the subterranean reservoir and pipe of one of the, see woodcut No. 33, 466 Gian Greco, fall of the cliffs on the sea-coast near, during earthquake of 1783, 429 Gibraltar, depth of the Mediterranean near, 237 Glacier discovered under lava on Etna, 369 Glaciers of Spitzbergen, 109 ____ transportation of rocks by, 175 Glen Tilt, granite veins of, discovered by Hutton, 62 Gloucestershire, gain of land in, 283 Golden age, doctrine whence derived, 9, 10 Goodwin Sands, 276 Gorge, deep, said to occur in all elevation craters, 390 Gothland, Linnaeus on the increase of land near, 228 Graham, Mrs., on the earthquake of Chili in 1822, 402 Grampians, Hutton's examination of the, 62 Granite, disintegration of, in Auvergne, 216 ____ veins, Hutton's discovery of, in Glen Tilt, 62 Granite veins, importance of their discovery, 62 ____ of the Hartz, Werner on the, 57 Granitic rocks of Shetland, action of the sea on, see woodcuts No .9 and 10, 262 Granular rock deposited by springs, 206 Grecian archipelago, Raspe on the new isles of the, 52 ____ volcanos of the, 385 ____ chart and section of, see woodcut No. 15, 385 Greenland, why colder than Lapland, 107 ____ sometimes shaken by earthquakes, 324 Grimaldi, on the earthquake of 1783 in Calabria, 413 ____ on the dimensions of the new fissures and ravines in Calabria, 421 ____ on the effects of the Calabrian earthquake on springs, 423 Grind of the Navir, passage forced by the sea in the Shetland islands, see woodcut No. 8, 261 Grosse, Dr., on the baths of San Fililppo, 204 Grotto delle Cane, 216 Guarapica river, new rock thrown up in the, 437 Guatimala, active volcanos in, 316 Guettard, on the Vivarais, 58 Guiana, its maritime district formed by the sediment of the Amazon, 292 Gulf stream, 108 ____ Scoresby's remarks on the, 108 ____ its extent and velocity, 258 Gunnell, Mr., on the loss of land in the Isle of Sheppey, 275 Hall, Sir James, his experiments on rocks, 62, 348, 472 Hall, Captain, on the Falls of Niagara, 180 ____ on the islands in the Mississippi, 187 ____ on drift wood of the Mississippi, 188, 245 Hamilton, Sir W., on the thickness of the mass covering Herculaneum, 352 ____ on the earthquake of 1783 in Calabria, 413 ____ on the number of persons who perished during the Calabrian earthquake, 430 ____ on the great landslip near Terranuova, 424 ____ on landslips near Mileto, 426 ____ on the earthquakes attending the eruption of Monte Nuovo, 457 Hampshire, Brander on the fossils of, 52 Harlbucht, its bay formed in the 16th century, 289 Hartsoeker, on the quantity of sediment in the waters of the Rhine, 246 Hartz, Werner on the granite of the, 57 Harun-al Rashid, 21 Harwich, rapid decay of the cliffs at, 275 ____ will probably soon become an island, 275 Heat, laws which govern the diffusion of, 105 Heber, Bishop, on the animals inhabiting the Himalaya mountains, 99 Hecla, Banks and others on the columnar basalt of, 59 ____ length of some of its eruptions, 371 Helice and Bura, submerged beneath the sea by an earthquake, 323 Heligoland destroyed by the sea, 289 Henderson, on the eruption of Skaptar Jokul in 1783, 372 Herculaneum and Pompeii, silence of contemporary historians concerning, 332 ____ and Pompeii, how destroyed, 349 ____ and Pompeii, reflections on the buried cities of, 359 Herculaneum, thickness and composition of the mass covering, 352 ____ was a sea-port, 353 ____ discovered accidentally, 353 ____ its former dimensions not yet known, 353 ____ but a slight part of open for inspection, 353 ____ objects preserved in, 354 ____ stalactite formed in the galleries of, 354 ____ inscriptions on the temples at, 354 ____ rolls of papyri, still legible, found in, 356 Herodotus, on the delta of the Nile, 238 ____ on the country round Memphis, 239 ____ on the formation of Egypt by the Nile, 239 __ on the time which the Nile might require to fill up the Arabian Gulf, 239 Hesse, Werner on the basalt of, 58 Hibbert, Dr., on the drifting of rock masses by the sea in Shetland islands, 259 ____ on the effect of lightning on the rocks of Fetlar, 260 ____ his account of the Grind of the Navir in Shetland, 261 Hiera, new island in the Gulf of Santorin, 386 Hillswicks Ness, action of the sea on the granitic rocks of, see woodcut No. 10, 263 Himalaya mountains, Bishop Heber On the animals inhabiting the, 99 Himalaya, height of perpetual snow on the, 122 Hindoo cosmogony, 5 Hindostan subject to earthquakes, 324 History and geology compared, 2 Hoff, on the changes in the level of the Caspian, 22 ____ his remarks on the persecution of Omar, 22 ____ on the formation of marble by springs near Lake Urmia, 211 ____ on encroachments of the sea in North America, 291 ____ on the encroachments of the sea in the Baltic, 294 ____ on earthquakes in Syria and Judea, 321 Holbach, his theory, 1753, 41 Holland, inroads of the sea in, 286 ____ towns destroyed by the sea in, 287 ____ its coast probably more protected once, 290 Hollmann, hypothesis of, 1753, 49 Holm sand, account of, 271 Homer, gain of land on the coast of Egypt known to, 238 ____ on the distance of Pharos from Egypt, 238 Hooke, his Discourse of Earthquakes, 1688 to 1703, 31 ____ on local distribution of species, 32 ____ on extinct species, 32 ____ on duration of species, 33 ____ contends that fossils are not "lusus naturae," 33 ____ on modes of lapidification, 33 ____ on simultaneous extent of earthquakes, 34 ____ on the deluge, 35 ____ on the elevation of the coast of Chili, 442 ____ on the earthquake of Java in 1699, 444 ____ on the elevation of the coast of the Bay of Baiae, 458 Hooker, Dr., accounts of the eruption of Skaptar Jokul confirmed by, 372 ____ his view of the crater of the great geyser, see woodcut No. 32, 464 Hordwell, loss of land at, 280 Hornitos, on Jorullo, account of, 378
Horsfield, Dr., on earthquake of 1786
____ his account of the eruption of Papandayang Hosburgh, Capt., on icebergs in low latitudes, 111 ____ on the advance of the Gangetic delta, 242 Humber, stratification of the warp of the 254 Humber, encroachment of the sea in its estuary, 267 Humboldt, Baron, on Indian rites after the earthquake of 1766, 8 on the laws governing the distribution of plants, 101 on the laws which regulate the diffusion of heat, 105 ____ on Isothermal lines, 106 ____ on the distribution of ferns, 112 ____ on the irregular distribution of land and sea, 121 ____ on the transportation of sediment by currents, 310 __ his theory of elevation craters considered, 386 ____ on the eruption of Jorullo, 377 ____ his theory to account for the convexity of the plain of Malpais, 377 ____ his account of the earthquake of Caraccas, 1812, 407
____ on the earthquake in Quito in 1797, ____ on the earthquake in Cumana, 410 ____ on the earthquake in the Caraccas, 1790, 410 ____ his account of the volcanic eruption in Teneriffe, 443 Hungary, art of mining, how taught in, 55 ____ travertin of, 211 Hunstanton, its cliffs undermined, 267 Hurst Castle shingle bank, 280 Hutchins, his account of a landslip in Dorsetshire, 281 Hutchinson, John, his "Moses's Principia" 1724, 39 ____ ridicules Woodward's theory, 40 ____ objects to Newton's theory of gravitation, 40 Hutton, first to distinguish between geology and cosmology, 4 ____ attempted to give fixed principles to geology, 61 ____ on igneous rocks, 61 ____ said geology was not concerned with "questions as to the origin of things," 61 ____ on granite, 62 ____ represented oldest rocks as derivatives, 63 ____ his theory of earthquakes fell short of that of Hooke, Moro, &c., 63 __ alternate periods of disturbance and repose required by the theory of, 64 ____ his theory of earthquakes compared to Generelli's, 64 ____ possessed but little knowledge of organic remains, 64 Hutton, his theory misrepresented by Williams, 67 ____ answers Kirwan, 69 ____ on the excavation of valleys, 70 Huttonian theory, 60 ____ characteristic feature of the, 63 ____ its defects, 63 ____ causes which led to the violent faction against it, 65 Hythe, encroachments of the sea at, 278 ICE, animals imbedded in, 98 ____ predominance of in the Antartic Circle, 109 ____ Scoresby on the quantity which floats beneath the surface, 111 ____ on the formation of field, 119 ____ transportation of rocks by means of, 175, 299 Icebergs, Dr. Richardson on the formation of, 98 ____ in the Mackenzie River, 98 ____ their enormous size in Baffin's Bay, 109 ____ distance to which they are floated from the Poles, 111 ____ seen off the Cape of Good Hope, 111 ____ Captain Hosburgh on, in low latitudes, 111 ____ Captain Scoresby on the weight of earth, &c" transported by, 111 ____ quantity of ice below the surface in, 111 Iceland, geysers of, 464 ____ silex deposited by the geysers of, 213 ____ volcanic region of, 324 ____ volcanic eruptions in, 371 ____ eruption of Skaptar Jokul in 1783, 372 __ submarine eruption in, 372 ____ comparison between the lavas of, and those of central France, 373 ____ loss of lives, &c., by the eruption of 1783 in, 374 ____ new island thrown up off the coast of, in 1783, 391 ____ elevation and subsidence in, 443 Imperati, theory of 1590, 27 Indian festival after the earthquake of Cumana, in 1766, 8 Indus, subsidence in the channel of the, 1819, 406 Ingleborough Hill, calcareous tufa deposited at, 211 Inland seas, deltas of, 227 Instinct, Mr. Dugald Stewart on the uniformity of in animals, 161 Insular climates, description of, 106 Invernesshire, inroads of the sea on the coast of, 263 Ionian Isles, earthquake in, 1820, 403 ____ new island thrown up near, 403 Ippolito, Count, on the earthquake of 1783 in Calabria, 413 Irawadi, silicified wood of, noticed in 1692, 33 ____ recent discoveries there of fossil animals and vegetables, 33 ____ supposed petrifying power of the, 214 Ireland, great rise of the sea during Lisbon earthquake on the coast of, 439 Ischia, recent fossils of, 94 ____ silex in the hot springs of, 214 ____ early eruptions in, 327 ____ abandoned by the Greeks on account of the eruptions, 327 ____ amount of its population, 328 ____ eruption of 1032 in, 333 Island, new, thrown up, in 1820, off the Ionian Isles, 403 ____ new one thrown up near Kamtschatka in 1806, 408 ____ new one thrown up off the coast of Iceland in 1783, 391 Islands, new, Raspe on those in the Grecian Archipelago and the Azores, 52 ____ new, eighteen thrown up in the Azores in 1757. 438 ____ Pliny's enumeration of new, 20 ____ character of the vegetation in small, 123 ____ animals in, 129 ____ in the Mississippi, 186 ____ formed by the sediment of the Ganges, 242, 243 Isle of Palma, description of, 388 ____ of Purbeck, line of vertical chalk in, 280 ____ of Wight, rise of the tides at, 257 ____ of Wight, continued action of the sea on its shores, 279 Italian geologists, their priority, 28 ____ geologists of the 18th century, 41 ____ geologists, reserve of the earlier, explained, 68 Italy, extent of marine formations of, first pointed out by Vallisneri, 41 ____ organic remains of the south of, 94 ____ Forsyth's description of the climate of, 360 Isonzo, delta of the, 236 ____ its present mouth several miles to the west of its ancient bed, 237 ____ conglomerate formed by the, 237 Isothermal lines, Humboldt on, 106 JAHDE, new estuary near the mouth of the Weser, 289 Jamaica, earthquakes frequent in, 316 ____ earthquake of 1692 in, 445 ____ buildings submerged without being destroyed, in the harbour of, 455 Jampang, village in Java, engulphed by earthquake, 411 Jan Mayen's Island volcanic, 324 Java, number of volcanos in, 318 ____ earthquake of 1786 in, 411 ____ rivulet swallowed up by fissures in, 411 ____ village engulphed in, 411 ____ volcanic eruption and earthquakesin 1772, 436 ____ land raised by earthquake in, 437 ____ earthquake of 1699 in, 444 Jesso, active volcanic vents in the island of, 317 Jones, Sir William, on antiquity of Menu's Institutes, 5 Jorio, Andrea de, on the Temple of Serapis, 453 Jorullo, eruption of, 316 ____ eruption of, in 1759, 376 ____ its height, &c., 377 ____ eruption of in 1819, 379 ____ if thrown up in the sea would have been protected by its lava, 409 Jura, Saussure on the, 54 ____ relative age of the, 138 Jutland will probably become an island, 290 ____ terrific inundations in, 295 KAMTSCHATKA, seven active volcanos in, 317 ____ earthquakes in, 443 ____ subsidences and elevations in, 443 ____ new island thrown up to the north of, 408 Keill refutes Burnet's and Whiston's theories, 39 Kent, loss of land on the coast of, 276 Kerguelen's land, land quadrupeds in, 129 Kimmeridge clay, 281 Kincardilleshire, village in, washed away by the sea, 264 King, Capt., on the extent of coral reefs on the coast of Australia, 130 Kirwan, his Geological Essays, 1799, 68 ____ on the connexion of geology and religion, 68 ____ believed all rocks to be of aqueous origin, 68 ____ adduced the Mosaic writings to confirm his opinions, 68 ____ his remarks on the age of deltas, 224 Konig, Mr., on the fossils brought by Capt. Parry from Melville Island, 101 Koran, cosmogony of the, 22 Kossa, his history of the Patriarchs and Prophets, (note) 23 Kurile Isles, nine active volcanos in the, 317 LACUSTRINE formation, none yet discovered of the carboniferous era, 130 Lake Erie, rapid filling up of, 182
____ of Geneva, delta of Rhone in the, ____ Superior, deltas of, 225 Superior, greatest depth and extent of, 225 Superior, height of above the sea, 225 Superior, currents in, 226 Superior, nature of its sediment, 226 ____ Superior, analogy between its deposits and the marls, &c., of Central France, 227 __ inundation caused by the bursting of a, in the valley of Bagnes, 194 ____ formed by subsidence in the Caraccas, 411 ____ formed by the earthquake near Seminara, 422 Lakes, bursting of, 192 ____ filling up of, 223
____ formed by landships in Calabria, ____ formation of, in the basin of the Mississippi, 190 ____ formed by earthquakes in the valley of the Mississippi, 408 ____ number of new ones formed in Calabria by earthquakes of 1783, 427 Lancashire, submarine forests on the coast of, 283 Lancerote, volcanic eruption in, 381 ____ villages overflowed by lava in, 381 ____ cattle in, suffocated by putrid vapours, 381 ____ thirty new cones thrown up in, 382 ____ recent eruption in the island of, 384 Land, irregular distribution of, 121 ____ quantity of in northern and southern hemispheres, 121 ____ animals, why rare in oldest strata, 149 Landguard Fort, waste of the point on which it stands, 274 Landslips in Dorsetshire, 281 ____ near Mileto, houses carried down a ravine, but uninjured, 426 ____ in Calabria, lakes formed by, 424 ____ at Fra Ramondo, see woodcut No. 26, 425 ____ in Jamaica during earthquake, 446 Langsdorf, on the new island thrown up near Kamtschatka, 408 Languedoc, Marsilli on the deposits of the coast of, 235 Laplace decides against change in the earth's axis, 39 ____ on the mean depth of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, 115 ____ proved that no contraction of the globe had taken place for 2000 years, 141 Lapland, why milder than Greenland, 107 Lapidifying juice, 25 Latitude only one of the causes which influence climate, 111 Laureana, ravines filled up with mud during earthquake of 1783 near, 427 Lava, excavation of in Central France, 176 ____ of Etna excavated by rivers, 177 ____ mineralogical composition of that cut through by the Simeto, 178 ____ effects of decomposition on, 346 ____ flowing under water, 348 Lavas, parallel between those of Iceland and Central France, 373 ____ comparative volume of ancient and modern, 374 ____ pretended distinction between ancient and modern, 384 Lazzoro Moro, see Moro Lehman, treatise of, 1759, 49 ____ divided mountains into three classes, 49 Leibnitz, his Protogaea, 1680, 40 ____ imagined this planet to have been a burning luminous mass, 40
____ his theory of gradual refrigeration, ____ diluvial theory of, 40 ____ universal ocean of, waters how lowered, 40 ____ his theory afterwards adopted by Buffon and De Luc, 40 Leman Lake, delta of the Rhone in the, 221 Lesbos, Antissa joined to, by delta, 13 Leybucht, its bay formed in thirteenth century, 289 Lightning, remarkable effect of in the Shetland islands, 260 Lima destroyed by earthquake, 442 Limestone, caverns how formed in, 211 Lincolnshire, incursions of the sea on the coast of, 267 ____ its coast protected by embankments, 267 Linnaeus advocates Celsius's theory, 40 ____ his remark on the filling up of the Gulf of Bothnia, 228 Lionnesse, tradition in Cornwall, 283 Lipari, 19 Lippi, his account of the destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 351 Lipsius, 15 Lister, the first to propose geological maps, 31 ____ described fossil shells as turbinated and bivalve stones, 31 Lisbon, earthquakes at, 323 ____ earthquake of, 1755, 438 ____ subsidence of the quay at, 438 ____ area over which the earthquake of, extended, 439 ____ great wave caused by the earthquake of, 439 ____ the shocks felt far out at sea, 439 ____ velocity of the shocks at, 440 Lloyd, Mr., on the relative levels of the Atlantic and Pacific, 293 Lochead, on the gain of land on coast of Guiana, 310 Loch Lomond, agitation of its waters during Lisbon earthquake, 440 Locke, panegyrizes Whiston's theory, 39 Loffredo, on the elevation of the recent deposits in the Bay of Baire, 456 London, height of the tides at, 257 London clay, organic remains of the, 100, 152 Lontuc, river, in Chili, converted into a lake by landslips, 438 Lough Neagh, supposed petrifying power of, 214 Louisiana, Darby on the marine strata of lower, 191 Lowestoff, small rise of the tides at, 257 ____ current off the coast of, 271 ____ roads, their breadth and depth, 272 ____ Ness, description of, 272 ____ rise of the tides at, 272 ____ cliffs undermined near, 272 Lubeck, 229 Luckipour, its inhabitants swept away by the Ganges, 244 ____ new islands formed near, 243 Luckput, subsidence in the channel of the Indus near, 406 Lulea, rapid advance of the land at, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 228 Luzon, three active volcanos in, 318 Lyme Regis, gradual decay of the lias cliffs of, 282 MACEDONIA always subject to earthquakes, 323 Mackenzie river, formation of icebergs on the shores of the, 98 ____ drift wood of the, 102 ____ a calcareous formation near its mouth, 127 Macmurdo, Captain, on the earthquake of Cutch in Bombay, 1819, 406 Madagascar said to contain active volcanos, 324 Madeira, earthquakes violent in, 324 Maestricht, calcareous beds of, 139 ____ Dr. Fitton on the calcareous beds of, 140 Magdalena, fish destroyed by earthquake in the river, 401 Magnesia, sulphate of, deposited by spring in Tuscany, 204 Magnesian limestone and traverlin compared, 205 Mahomedan doctors opposed to cultivation of science, 21 Mahomet, his cosmogony, 23 Majoli, first taught that shelly strata were raised by volcanic explosions, 1597, 26 Mallet, Captain, on petroleum of Trinidad, 218 Malpais, recent change of climate in the plain of, 124 ____ theories to account for the convexity of the plain of, 377, 387 Malte-Brun, on the heat derived by the western part of the old continent from Africa, 107 ____ on the comparative insignificance of the height of mountains, 113 Mammoth, on the climate, &c., probably required by the, 96 ____ bones of the, found in Yorkshire, 96 ____ Siberian, 97 ____ Dr. Fleming on the, 97 Man, unfavourable position of, for observing changes now in progress, 81 ____ recent origin of, 153 ____ his remains only found in the most modern strata, 153 ____ remains of, not more perishable than those of other animals, 154 ____ remarks on the superiority of, 155 ____ analogy of changes caused by, to those produced by other animals, 161 Manetho, 77 Manfredi, on the quantity of sediment in river water, 246 Mantell, Mr., on the fossils of the chalk, 140 Manwantaras, oriental cycle of ages, 6 Maracaybo, lake, subsidence of its waters, during earthquake, 407 Marble deposited from springs, 211 Maritime Alps, conglomerates forming along the base of the, 252 Marsilli, on the arrangement of shells in the Adriatic, 44, 47 Marsilli, on the deposits of the coast of Languedoc, 235 Martigny, destruction of by floods, 195 Martinique, subsidence of a hill in, 443 Martius, his remark on the arborescent ferns in Brazil, 101 Mastodon, &c., found in Subapennine hills, 151 Materia pinguis, fossils referred to, 25 Mathers, village of, swept away by the sea in one night, 264 Mattani on fossils of Volterra, 42 Mattioli, his hypothesis as to the nature of organic remains, 25 Mediterranean said to have burst through the columns of Hercules, 18 ____ Soldani on the microscopic testacea of the, 52 ____ organic remains of living species found in the islands of the, 93 ____ great depth of the, 237, 298 ____ its depth near the delta of the Nile, 239 ____ rise of the tides in the, 257 ____ Dr. Wollaston's analysis of its waters, 296 ____ remarks on the deposition of salt in the, 297 __permanency of the level of the, 452 Melville Island, tropical character of the fossils of, 101 Menu's institutes, 5 ____ astronomical theories in, 6 Mephitic vapours emitted by volcanos during eruptions, 329 ____ cattle in Lancerote and Quito killed by, 329 ____ birds killed by, on Vesuvius, 330 Mercati on organic remains, 26 Mer de glace, 98 Mese, formerly an island, now far inland, 233 Messina, ebb and flow in the Straits of, 257 ____ its shore rent by earthquake, 416 ____ subsidence of the quay at, 416 ____ fall of the cliffs near, during Calabrian earthquake, 429 Mesua Collis described by Pomponius Mela, 233 Methone in Messina, volcanic eruption in, 323 Metshuka, hill of, in part swallowed up by earthquake, 437 Meuse, valley of the, 171 ____ river, 287 Mexico, excavation of valleys in, 176 ____ tides in the Gulf of, 245 ____ volcanic chain extending through, 316 ____ active volcanos in, 316 Michell, on the cause and phenomena of earthquakes, 1760, 50 ____ originality of his views, 50 ____ on the horizontality of strata in low countries, 50 ____ on their fractured state near mountain chains, 50 ____ on the geology of Yorkshire, 50 ____ his writings free from physico-theological speculations, 50 ____ on the origin of mineral springs, 199
____ on the earthquake at Lisbon, 323, ____ on the connexion between the state of the atmosphere and earthquakes, 462 ____ on the expansive force of steam, 464 ____ on the cause of the wave-like motion of earthquakes, 470 ____ on the cause of the retreat of the sea during earthquakes, 471 Mileto, subsidence of houses near, tenements not destroyed, 426 Milford Haven, rise of tides at, 257 Millennium, 24 ____ Burnet's account or the, 38 Milo, island, active solfatara in, 323 Mindinao in eruption, 1784, 318 Mineral composition of lavas, 396 Mineral waters, their connexion with volcanic phenomena, 199 ____ ingredients most common in, 199 Mining, geology applied to the art of, by Werner, 55 ____ art of, how taught in England, France, &c., 55 Mississippi, basin of the, 185 ____ length of its course, depth, and velocity, 185 ____ size of its alluvial plain, 185 ____ its surface, not increased by the junction of other rivers, 185 ____ its course slowly progressing eastwards, 186 ____ immense curves in its course frequently cut through, 186 ____ acres at a time swept away by, 186 ____ islands in the, 187 ____ drift wood of the, 245 ____ earthquakes in the valley of the, 191, 316, 407 ____ new lakes and islands in the valley of the, caused by earthquakes, 408 ____ intermediate character of its delta, 245 stratification of the deposits in its delta, 253 Missouri, its junction with the Mississippi, 185 Modern progress of Geology, 73 Molino delle Caldane, travertin, 201 Moluccas, volcanic eruption in the, 445 Mompiliere, overflowed by lava, 366 ____ articles preserved under the lava in, 366 Monfalcone, baths of, on an island in the time of the Romans, 237 Mont Blanc, mer de glace on, 98 Monte Barbaro, description of, see woodcut No. 12, 336 ____ Bolca, controversy on the fossil fish of, 52 ____ Minardo on Etna, its height, &c., 362 ____ Nucilla on Etna, almost submerged, 362 Nuovo, account of the formation of, see woodcut No. 11, 335 Nuovo, coast of the Bay of Baiae elevated during the eruption of, 335 Nuovo, height, depth of crater, &c., 335 Nuovo, elevation of the coast near, mentioned by Hooke, 34 ____ Pelegrino, perforated by shells, 231 ____ Peluso, its height diminished by lava-current of 1444, 363 ____ Rotaro, of recent aspect, 327 Rotaro, like volcanos in Auvergne, 327 Somma, M. Necker, on the structure of, 394 Somma, M. Necker's views on, confirmed by Mr. Scrope, 394 Somma, its formation analogous to that of Vesuvius, 394 ____ Vico, siliceous incrustations of, 214 Monticelli and Covelli, on Vesuvian minerals, 347 Monti Rossi, formed in 1669, see woodcut No. 14, 364 Montlosier, on the volcanos of Auvergne, 1788, 60 Montpelier, cannon imbedded in crystalline rock in the museum at, 234 Montrose, no delta formed by the rivers in the bay of, 264 Morea, cities submerged in the, 323 Moro, Lazzaro, on earthquakes, 1740, 42 ____ accounts for geological phenomena by earthquakes, 42 ____ his description of the new island which rose in 1707, in the Mediterranean, 42 ____ ridicules theories then in vogue concerning organic remains, 42 ____ faults and dislocations described by, in proof of his theory, 43 Moro, Lazzaro, objects to the theories of Burnet and Woodward, 43 ____ adapts his theory to the Mosaic account of the creation, 43 ____ on the formation of the secondary strata, 43 ____ taught that the sea acquired its saltness from volcanic exhalations, 43 ____ not acquainted with the writings of Hooke and Ray, 42 derived all stratified rocks from volcanic ejections, 46 his theory of primary rocks, 63 Morocco, village in, and ten thousand people swallowed up in 1755, 439 ____ earthquakes at, 323 Moselle, sinuosities of the river, 171 Moses's Principia of Hutchinson, 40 Mountain-chains, on the elevation of, 79 Mountain or transition limestone, great extent of, 127 ____ formation near the mouth of the Mackenzie, 127 ____ fossil saurian found in, 129, 148 Mud eruption from Tunguragua in Quito, 1797, 410 Murchison, Mr., on the tertiary deposits of the Salzburg Alps, 136 ____ on schists of Caithness, 148 ____ on the Plomb du Cantal, 395 Murcia in Spain, earthquake of 1829, 400 Murrayshire, town swept away by the sea, 264 Muschelkalkstein, 133 Mundane egg of Egyptian cosmogony, 11 ____ ridiculed by Aristophanes, 12
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