|
INDEX
A-3 telephone
scrambler,
357-58
A-4 firebase, 343-44, 346
A-12 reconnaissance aircraft,
272
Abel, Rudolf, 62n
Abelson, Harold, 612
Abner, 582
Abrams, Creighton w., 306,
330
Acheson, Dean G., 30-31
Adams, Ralph, 347, 566
Adolphsen, Arthur, 161
ADONIS encryption equipment,
353
Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA),
361-62
Afghanistan, 18, 44, 389,
398, 399, 410, 555
Ahmed, Nasser, 427-28
Air Force, U.S., 159, 174,
323, 357
Pueblo incident and,
261-62, 268
Air Force Intelligence
Agency, 498
Air Force Security Service,
96, 194
Albert, A. Adrian, 605
Albright, Madeleine, 418
Alde, Robert 0., 360
Alert, 139, 141-42, 396-97,
546
al-Fawwaz, Khalid, 615
Algeria, 80, 81
Alhazmi, Nawaf, 617-18
Alhazmi, Salem, 617,
619
Allen, Charles E., 496
Allen, Lew, Jr., 346-47,
376, 439
Almihdhar, Khalid 617,
619
al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 616
America, 222, 224
American Black Chamber,
1-3, 6, 499, 580
American Legion, 66-67
American Thermogen Corporation,
517-18
Ames, Aldrich, 562
Anderson, Robert, 58, 543
Anderson, Rudolf, 118
Ansley, Norman, 539, 542
Aquarian, 397
Aquitania, 13
Arc Light, 308-10
Arecibo Ionosphere
Observatory (AIO),
361-62
Argentina. 19, 134, 176-77,
400
Armed Forces Security
Agency (AFSA),
24-25, 28-31, 537
Army, U.S., 18, 103-4, 198,
288, 428, 581
Army Intelligence and Security
Command, 49B,
554
Army Security Agency
(ASA), U.S., 22, 24,
27-28, 29, 88, 150,
152, 298, 325
Arnold, Larry K., 631
Arnold. John, 104-6, 343,
370, 371, 373-74
Aspin, Les, 385
AT&T, 460-61, 462
Atlantika, 114
Atlas computer, 581
Atta, Mohamed, 618, 619,
620, 621
Attwood, William, 128-29,
130, 136-37
Austin, Harold, 38
Australia, 368-69, 409, 513,
547, 599
Automated Cartridge System,
603-4
Azzole, Pete, 114-15
Back, George V,
246-48
Baer, Bill, 126-27
Bailey, Bruce, 33-34, 119,
320-23
Bailey, Charles Waldo, II,
67
Bailey, Don, 259, 260-61,
263, 265-67
Baker, Howard, 439
Baker, Stewart A., 450-51,
463
Baker, William O., 357, 462
Ball, Dave, 132
Ball, George, 116, 301
Banner, 241-44, 250, 258,
270-72, 300-301
Barbour, Walworth, 192
Bary, Abdel 616
Bates, Edward Bryant, 148
Batista, Fulgencio, 73
Bauman, Ethan L., 567
Bay of Pigs invasion, 63,
66-67, 70-79, 82, 88,
358
CIA and, 70, 72, 73-76,
78, 79
JFK-JCS meeting on,
71-73
Joint Chiefs of Staff
and, 71-75
landing site for, 74
Lemnitzer and, 73-75
NSA's role in, 75-76
onset and failure of,
77-78
proposed secret deceptions
and, 70--71
Soviet arms shipments
prior to, 76-77
Beamrider, 515
Beeman, Karl, 148-49
Begin, Menachem, 186
Bell Laboratories, 98, 357,
462, 580, 609-10, 612
Belmont, 187, 223
Beloretsk, 95-96
Ben-Gurion, David, 40
Bennett, Donald v., 430
Berens, RonaId L., 252
Berger-Liaw Neural Network
Speaker Independent
Speech
Recognition System,
556-57
Berlin Wall, 450, 492, 544
Berrigan, Philip, 493-94
Bicher, George A., 8, 12
Biden, Joseph, 378
Billygate scandal, 380-81,
443
bin Laden, Osama, 410,
441, 614-17
Biro, Arye, 202
Biryuzov, S. S., 46
Bishop, Robert P., 241, 243
Bissell, Richard M., 43, 79,
358
Black, William B., Jr., 473,
497
Black Friday (1948), 23-24
Blake, Gordon Aylesworth,
96-97, 99-101, 102-3,
118-19, 131-32, 136
Blalook, Donald L., 227-28
Bletchley Park, 10, 12-14,
15, 17, 162, 398
Bloor, A. W., 520
Blue, Allen M., 227
Blue Gene supercomputer,
608
Blue House raid, 253-57
Bogart, 584
Bonesteel, Charles H., III,
261-62, 271, 281
Bonney, Walter, 52
Boomer, Walter, 344<-4-6
Boorman, Derek, 401
Borges, Jorge Luis, 527
Boudreau, Henry, 348
Bowen, Jeremy, 238-39
Box Top mission, 246-47
Bradlee, Ben, 380
Brand, Joe, 501
Brass Knob mission, 131
Brazil, 19, 133, 177, 425
Brezhnev, Leonid, 369, 389,
475
Bright, Gary, 335-36
Bron, Gabi, 202
Bronco, Ray, 315, 316
Brown, Aubrey, 95, 109,
112, 113-14, 151, 175,
176-77
Brown, Buddy, 322
Brown, Harold, 383, 385,
476, 549
Brownell, George Abbott,
30-31
Bruce, David K., 31
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 383
Bubbles, 592-93
Bucher, Lloyd Mark,
243-44, 252, 254-65,
267, 268, 275, 278-82
Buckholtz, Eileen, 529
Bucklew, Phil H., 178
Buffham, Benson K., 376
Bui Dang Dzuong, 289
Bulinski, Frederick, 529
Bullock, William C., 66
Bundy, McGeorge, 116,
126, 128, 130, 136-37
Burke, Arleigh A., 68-69
Burning Candy missions,
320
Burns, Joseph D., 498-99
Buscher, Max, 110, 112
741
Bush, George, 422
Bush, George W" 632~33,
636, 645
Butterfly processor, 592
Buzbee, William, 599
Buzhardt, J. Fred, Jr.,
431-34
C-802 missile,
411-16, 417,
421, 458
Campaigne, Howard,
13-14, 15-17, 42-43,
96, 160, 551, 581,
583-87
Campbell, Ronnie, 216-17
Canada, 126, 513, 599
Arctic listening posts of,
139-42
CSE of, 394-97
Canine, Ralph l, 30, 39, 41,
42-45, 377, 477, 573,
583, 585
Caracristi, Ann, 354-55,
370, 377, 462, 523,
564
Carillon computer system,
390
Carlucci, Frank, 393
Carter, Billy, 381, 443
Carter, Jimmy, 229, 381,
443, 44546
Carter, Marshall S., 102,
108, 128, 132, 180,
222-23, 228, 231-32,
249, 263, 269, 337,
339-40, 407, 524, 578
Carver, George, 331-32
Casale, Robert, 184
Casey, William J., 382, 389,
391
Cassidy, George A., 167-72,
176, 178, 313
Castle, Ernest C., 224
Castro, Fidel, 63, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 78, 83, 89, 90,
118, 120, 123, 125,
129, 135-38, 181
748
peace feelers of, 128-30,
136, 139
Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA), 30, 37,
41, 44, 51, 57, 58-60,
61, 99, 127, 129, 136,
147, 149, 177, 246,
291-92, 323, 355, 409,
420, 429, 430, 435,
437, 446, 511, 512,
516, 526
assassination unit of,
479
Bay of Pigs invasion
and, 70, 72, 73-76, 78,
79
Cuban missile crisis and,
100, 107, 109, 116,
124
Dien Bien Phu battle
and, 286-87
Gulf War and declining
status of, 474-76
Inman at, 382
NSA's relations with,
358-59, 382-85,
473-79, 500
rebuilding of, 476-77
Vietnam War and, 331,
333, 337
Central Signals Organization,
162
Cesaire, Aime, 178
Chafee, John H., 281
Chagos Archipelago,
163-64
Charles Berry, 310
Chase, Gordon, 136-37
Chen, Steve, 593, 597'
Cheney, Dick, 637
Cheramy, Ed, , 395
Chiang Kai-shek, 27-28
Chicca, Robert, 264
Chile, 19, 61, 13}--34, 382
China, Nationalist, 19
Marshall mission to,
27-28
China, People's Republic
of, 25, 42, 93, 142,
242, 293, 316-17,
352, 368, 402, 408,
503, 649
French engine sales to,
474-75
Hong Kong and, 547
Iranian missile deal
with, 409-18, 421-22,
458
in Korean War, 27-29
listening post surveillance
of, 155, 157-59
China National Precision
Machinery Import &
Export Corporation,
409-10, 411, 416, 417
Christian, George, 233-34
Church, Frank, 434, 439
Church Committee,
435-36, 438-40, 442
Churchill, Winston, 357
Clark, David, 461, 463
Clark, Tom, 436
Classic Wizard, 165
Clickbeetle, 242-43
Cline, Ray S., 299
Clinton, Bill, 385, 426, 444,
445, 495-96, 520, 554
Jiang's summit with,
414, 416, 447
Clinton administration,
282, 444
CNN, 464, 510-11
Cobra Ball missions, 504
Cocheteux, Jean-Bernard,
421-22
Codevilla, Angelo, 378
Coldfeet, 144
Cold War, see specific events
and individuals
Cole, 501
Cole, Isaiah, 549
Colombia, 19, 23, 133
Combat Apple missions,
320
Combat Fox, 271
Combined Naval Cypher
Number 3, 18
Comint, 8
Commerce Department,
U.S., 421, 424
Communications Branch of
the National Research
Council (CBNRC),
141
Communications Security
Establishment (CSE),
394-97, 421
Comout, 348
computers:
Project Lightning and,
582-90
RAMs as forerunners of,
579-80, 581
vacuum tubes in, 581,
584
see also supercomputers
Confidential Code Number
2, 18
CONFIRM access list, 507
Congo, 134, 181, 182, 183
Congo, Republic of, 182
Congress, US., 53, 103, 301,
425, 456, 460, 469,
470, 415, 558, 560,
574, 576
Inman's relations with,
377-79, 381, 384
Lemnitzer's testimony
to, 68, 73, 88
Liberty attack left unprobed
by, 231, 238
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
enacted by, 299
see also House of Representatives,
US.; Senate,
US.
Conley, Herbert L., 24
Connell, John, 187, 197
Conrad, Joseph, 182-83
Cook, Ralph E., 222, 250
Corderman, W. Preston, 19
Cosgrove, Thomas Avery,
95
Cotter, George R., 498, 601
Craig, 293
Craig, William H., 86, 88
Crandal, Charles, 264
Cray; Inc., 602
Cray, Seymour, 587,
590-93, 596, 598,
599-600, 602, 612
Cray Computer, Inc.,
596-600
Cray Research, Inc., 590,
593-94, 596, 598, 599,
602
Crete, 190, 196, 197
CRITIC messages, 76, 100,
194, 302, 501, 516,
589
CRITICOMM system,
588-89
Cronkite, Walter, 66
Crosby, Bruce, Jr., 344-46
Crowell, William P, 523,
562-63, 564
Crypto City, 3, 6, 387-88,
404, 456, 470,
481-527, 578, 602
budget of, 481, 523-24
classification system of,
489-90
communications network
of, 514-15
community relations
and, 4-5
crime in, 487-88
day care in, 484-85
education in, 524-25,
532-33
emergency services of,
492-93
headquarters building
of, 488-91
microprocessor factory
of, 521, 595
Operations buildings of,
494-508, 520-21
police and security force
of, 482-83
security obsession of,
491-93, 507-10
television and news
facilities of, 496,
510-11
Crypto-Linguistic Association,
484, 487
Cryptologic Service Groups
(CSGs), 502
Cuba, 62-63, 72, 93, 187,
330
JFK assassination and,
132-33, 135, 137-38
Soviet arms shipments
to, 76-77
troops sent to Congo by,
181
U.S. economic embargo
of, 126
see also Bay of Pigs invasion;
Northwoods
"Cuban Debacle, The,"
73-74
Cuban missile crisis,
95 126, 197, 322, 546
CIA in, 100, 107, 109,
116, 124
Cuba as Soviet eavesdropping
base after,
124-25
Cuban air defense
buildup in, 100, 106-8
evidence of offensive
missiles in, 100, t09,
112-13
JFK's ultimatum in,
113-14
nuclear launch scare in,
114-15
Palladium intercepts in,
107-8
rapprochement attempt
after, 128-30
RFK-Dobrynin talks in,
119-22
SAM missiles opera
tional in, 106-8,
117-18
Soviet shipping of supplies
and personnel in,
95-96, 101
Soviet withdrawal after,
122-23
spy ship intercepts in,
99, 100, 102-3,
107-12, 125-26
turnaround of Soviet
ships in, 115-16
U-2 shootdown in,
118-19, 120, 122
U.S. overflights in, 102,
109, 117, 118-19
Cylink, 523
CYPRIS microprocessor,
521
Cyprus, 40, 187, 196
Czechoslovakia, 23, 72, 152,
153, 475
Darrigo, Joseph,
25
Davidson, Phillip, 331-32
Davis, 226
Davis, James T., 290-91,
317, 337, 339, 494
Davis, John, 100
Dayan, Moshe, 40, 203
Dean, John Wesley, III,
431, 433
De Chene, John, 314-16
Decker, George H., 69
Decle, T., 406, 415, 421,
422
Deeley, Walter G., 231-32,
311
Defence Ministry, British,
400-401
Defence Signals Directorate
(DSD),
Australian, 402, 409,
421
Defense Advanced Research
Projects
Agency (DARPA) 514,
600, 609, 611
Strategic Computing
Program of, 592
Defense Department, U.S.,
5, 90, 91, 147, 193,
288, 356, 389, 476,
514, St6, 554, 569,
570, 594, 602
Office of Special Operations
of, 78-79
Defense Humint Service,
476
Defense Information Systems
Agency, 514
Defense Intelligence
Agency (DIA), 100,
246, 331, 389, 429, 430,
432, 502, 511, 513
Defense Intelligence Network
(DIN), 510-11
Defense Security Service,
535-36
Defense Special Missile and
Aeronautics Center
(DEFSMAC), 502-4
de Gaulle, Charles, 22
Deitz, Robert L, 498
Denholm, Charles J., 341
Dennison, Robert Lee, 95
Derwinski, Edward 1, 379
DeSoto patrols, 292-93
Deutsch, John, 562
Devine, John P, 470,
522-23
DeVine, Michael, 446
Diego Garcia, 165-66, 277
Dien Bien Phu, battle of,
284, 286-87
Dillon, C. Douglas, 52,
60-61
DIRgrams, 473
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 120-22
Dole, Bob, 386, 447
domestic watch list program,
428-29
Donovan, William 0., 7
Doomsday exercise, 50-51
Dornan, Jack, 395
Drake, Robert E., 376-77
Drifting Station Alpha,
140-41, 143, 144
Dulles, Allen, 41, 47, 50,
56, 382, 477, 588
Bay of Pigs invasion
and, 72-73
U-2 crisis and, 52, 53-54,
58, 60, 62
Dulles, John Foster, 40, 41
Dunn, Jeff, 507
Dustbin, 17
Eban, Abba, 192
Echelon Computer system,
404, 407, 409, 411,
421, 427-28
Eden, Anthony, 40
Egypt, 19, 134, 153, 186,
190--91, 197, 201, 209
Suez crisis and, 39-41
Eisenbeiss, Harry, 115
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 8
31, 35, 69, 72, 75, 94,
356, 557, 360, 365,
366, 588, 604
CRITICOMM system
approved by, 588-89
homosexuality scare and,
543-44
Indochina conflict and,
286-87, 288
Lemnitzer appointed by,
67-68
Northwoods and, 82-83
Paris summit and, 62
Suez crisis and, 40, 41
U-2 crisis and, 43, 49-50,
51-52, 53-54, 55-60,
62, 116-17, 322
Eismann, Bernard, 80
elephant cage antenna, 77,
95, 154
Elint, 8
El Quseir, 230, 234-35
Emmel, Judith A., 496-97
EMR Improvement Program
(EIP), 324-25
Energy Department, U.S.,
542
Engineering Research
Associates, 580, 581,
591
Englander, Owen, 103
Engstrom, Howard, 591
ENIAC, 580-81
Enigma encryption machine,
9, 12, 13, 14,
17, 18, 98, 301, 312,
397, 486
Ennes, Jim, 230
Enterprise, 262
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission,
560, 565
E-Systems, 523, 604
ETA, 595-94, 596
Ethiopia, 19, 160, 161-62
European Space Agency,
406-7
Evron, Ephraim, 229
Explorer system, 343-46
Fan Song radar,
154, 324
Farley, Robert D., 96
Farm Team, 318
Far Right, The, 80-81
Fast, Barbara G., 498
Fastlane encryption program,
515
Faurer, Lincoln D., 387-89,
604
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI), 355, 379,
429, 437, 441, 449,
493, 543
NSA's domestic spying
opposed by, 430-31
NSA's embassy break-ins
dispute with, 432-33
ferret missions, 32-38, 47,
54, 366
fiber optic cables, 460-63,
465, 510
Finder, 321
Firebase Sarge, 343-46
Fire Can radar, 154
Fish cipher machine, 14,
15, 18, 20, 397
Russian, 15-17, 18, 23,
355, 583
Ford, Gerald, 88, 103, 350,
439
Foreign Broadcast Information
Service, 191,
253
Foreign Intelligence Advisory
Board, 88, 131
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
Act, 440
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
Court,
440-41
Forrestal, Michael, 297-98
Forsberg, Steven J., 166
Fort Meade, Md., 41, 43,
93, 302, 404, 452, 573
France, 19, 22, 68, 80, 81,
137-38, 147, 402,
421
China engine sales of,
414-15
Holocaust and, 10-11
Indochina conflict of,
284, 285-87
Suez crisis and, 39-41
Vichy government of, 11
Freedom of Information
Act, 520
Freeh, Louis J., 542
Frequent Wind, 347
Friedman, William Frederick,
1-2, 4, 22, 354,
477, 558, 586
Frost, Laurence Hugh, 93,
96, 97, 288
Frostberg computer, 597
Fuggetta, Rob, 535
Fujitsu, 595-96
Fulbright, J. William,
60-62
Fulton, Robert Edison, Jr.,
143-44
Fulton Skyhook, 143-46
FUNNEL messages, 102
Gaddy, Dave, 287
Gagarin, Yuri, 154-55
Gailey, C. K., 64
Galactic Radiation and
Background (GRAB),
365-66
Gardiner, Don, 131
Gardner, Meredith K., 135
Garfinkel, Simson, 607
Garment, Suzanne, 378-79
Gates, Robert, 474, 475, 520
Gates, Thomas, 4-9-50, 53,
54, 57
Gavin, James M., 68
Gayler, Noel, 34G-42, 430,
431, 433
Geis, Lawrence R., 226
Georgetown, 187
Gerecht, Reuel Marc, 474
Germany, Democratic Republic
of (East Germany),
4-3, 150, 151,
492
NSA overflights of,
153-54-
Germany, Federal Republic
of (West Germany),
43, 72, 124, 150-51,
152, 492
Germany, Nazi, 10, 11, 16,
19, 20, 312
Germany, reunified, 462,
492
Gerson, Nate, 139, 141-42,
360-64
Gertz, Bill, 393
Gladding, Everett 8.,
250-51
Gleason, Everett, 31
Glenn, John, 84
Golden, George H., 220
Goldwater, Barry M., 60,
378, 439
Goodman, Melvin A., 475
Goodpaster, Andrew, 52, 54
Gordon, John A., 496
Gore, Al, Jr., 80, 512
Gore, Albert, Sr., 80, 88
Goss, Porter 1, 457, 475
Government Communications
Headquarters
(GCHQ), 10, 40,
398-402, 407, 409,
454, 502, 538, 547-48,
592
China-Iran missile deal
and, 412-13
industrial espionage and,
426-27
Zircon satellite and,
400-401
Government Communications
Security Bureau
(GCSB), 403, 421
Graham, Daniel 0., 502
Graham, Richard H., 324
Grantham, Gary L,
529-30
Gray, David W, 70, 88
Cray, Gordon, 55-56
Gray, L. Patrick, 433
Great Britain, 19, 27, 89,
422, 462, 513, 599
Aden listening post of,
161-62
Chagos Archipelago and,
163-65
cryptoanalytic activities
of, 397-402
Hong Kong and, 547
listening posts in,
174-75
Suez crisis and, 39-41
Green Hornet missions, 44
Groundbreaker, 573-74
Grover, Lov K., 610
Guatemala, 62, 446
Guerin, James. 375. 382
Guevara Che, 130, 180,
185
Gulf of Tonkin incident,
90-91, 290-300, 322
Maddox attacked in,
296-97, 299
Gulf War of 1990, 167,
474, 512
NSA's performance in,
544-45
Hagelin M-209,
cipher machine,
22, 585-86
Haldeman, H. R., 433
Halfbeak, 167-72
Halibut, 371-74, 465
Halman, James, 210-11
Hamry, John, 496
Hanjour, Hani, 617, 619.
621
Hanyok, Robert J., 10-11
Harriman, Averell, 116-17
Harris, Stephen R., 243,
244, 251-52, 256, 264,
266, 279-81
Harvest computer, 583-fl9
Harvey, William, 4·77-79
Hatch, David, 564
Hayden, Michael V., xiii,
402, 443, 451-57, 164,
465, 469, 501, 524,
557, 573, 614, 6t7,
619, 646-49
reforms by, 470-73
typical day of, 494-99
Helms, Richard, 61-62, 99,
125, 331, 332
Henault, Emile J, Jr., 565
Henry, Harold, 26
Herrelko, Frank. L., 39
Herrick., John, 295-98
Herter, Christian, 52,
53-54, 61, 62
Herzfeld, Charles, 361-62
Hitler, Adolf, 7, 11, 10, 12,
14, 358
Ho Chi Minh, 284-85, 286,
287, 288-89, 292, 347
Hodges, Duane, 264, 278
Holt, Carl, 38
Homerun, 35-37
Hooper, Edwin B., 243
Hooper, Leonard, 407
Hoover, J. Edgar, 429-31,
433, 434, 543-44
Horrock, Nicholas, 379
Horton, Russell H., 20
House of Representatives,
U.S., 68, 231
Appropriations Committee,
103
Intelligence Committee,
377-78, 381, 384, 457,
464, 467, 475, 523-24,
557, 569, 570, 572
Un-American Activities
Committee, 66
Howard, Lisa, 128, 129-30,
136-37
Hughes, Richard J., 611
Humphrey, George, 356
Humphrey, Hubert, 278
Hungary, 18, 19, 71
Hunt, Peter, 395
Hussein, King, 238
Hussein, Saddam, 475, 516,
544-45
Huston, Tom Charles, 430,
432
Huston Plan, 430-31
Hyland, John 1, 281
IBM, 580, 585,
593, 597,
603, 608, 610
Stretch computer of,
586-87
Ichthyic missions, 244
Ignatius, David, 451
imitative communications
deception (IMD), 306
India, 409, 433, 503, 574
industrial espionage,
422-27
Inman, Bobby Ray, 374-82,
393, 398, 399, 443,
470, 553-54, 564
alleged homosexuality
of, 380, 385-86
appointments, by, 376-77
CIA-NSA rivalry and,
383-85
Congress and, 377~79,
381, 384
defense secretary nomination
and, 385-86
Guerin and, 375, 382
media and, 379-81
public appearances of,
381-82
Safire's confrontation
with, 380-81
Inouye, Daniel, 383
Institute for Defense
Analysis, 591, 604
Intelink, 511-15, 563, 572,
606
Intelligence Advisory Committee,
356, 382
Intelligence Authorization
Act, 570
Intelligence Board, U.S., 101
Intelligence Systems Secretariat
(ISS), 512
INTELSAT, 404-11, 414,
616
Internal Security Act, 4
International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO),
86
Internet, 419, 457-59,
462, 479, 523-24,
546
NSA and, 463-65, 648
NSA's version of, 511-15,
565
Ipsaro, Anthony J., 486
Iran, 19, 44, 124, 149, 179,
384-85, 389, 391, 402,
408, 474, 503, 545,
555
China's missile deal with,
409-18, 421-22, 458
Iran-contra scandal,
390-91, 413
Iran-Iraq War, 544
Iraq, 19, 382, 402, 474-75,
544, 545
Israel, 154, 417-18, 475,
503
onset of Six-Day War
and, 190-91, 197
Suez crisis and, 39-41
see also Liberty, Israeli
attack on
Italy, 19, 134, 147, 358
Ivy Bells, 370
Izmeritel, 309-10
Izquierdo, Chary, 503
Jabara, Abdeen,
428
Jacobs, Michael J., 509, 559
Jacobsen, Walter L., 236
Jafari, Hossein, 416, 417
Jamestown, 187, 315, 316
Janson, Donald, 80
Japan, 16, 19, 124, 150,
155-56, 285, 312, 397,
402, 426
supercomputer development
and, 594-96,
598-99
Jarrah, Ziad, 618, 619
Jiang Zemin, 414, 416, 447
Jimmy Carter, 465
Jin Xuekuan, 409-10, 416,
417
Ji Yanshu, 416, 417
John Birch Society, 66, 79
Johnson, Lyndon B., 57,
132, 134, 137-38, 191,
270, 316, 323, 526
Liberty incident and,
222-26, 230
Pueblo affair and, 270,
278
Six-Day War and,
191-94
Vietnam War and, 284,
291, 299, 333, 337
Johnson, Tom, 355-56
Johnston, Thomas, 395-96
Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S.,
28, 54, 57, 63, 64, 82,
103, 117, 122, 131,
186, 197-98, 226,
250, 271, 284, 330,
340, 342, 389, 393,
570
Bay of Pigs invasion
and, 71-75
and decision to send Liberty
to Middle East,
187-88, 190
JFK's first meeting with,
71-72
Joint Reconnaissance
Center of, 187-88,
197-98, 226, 245,
249
Lemnitzer appointed to,
67, 68-69
OPLAN-34A of, 291-93
"pretext" wars advocated
by, 84-88, 89,
90, 300-301
Pueblo mission and,
245-46
Senate investigation of
right-wing extremism
in, 80-81
Jones, David C., 385
Jordan, 191
Jumpseat satellites, 369
Justice Department, U.S.,
382, 428, 538
Kalugin, Oleg, 93,
275-76,
277, 281, 307-8
Kane, Jock, 162, 426-27
Kantor, Mickey, 426
Karadzic, Radovan, 445
Karin, Sid, 600
Karpov, Yevgeny, 155
Kassar, Monzer al-, 413
Kemper, Ronald, 453, 570
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald,
62, 87, 92, 287, 358
assassination of, 131-34
Bay of Pigs invasion
and, 72-75
Cuban missile crisis and,
101-2, 110, 113-14,
115, 116, 118
Cuba-U.S. rapprochement
and, 129-30,
137
inauguration of, 64-65,
69-70
U.S. military's distrust
of, 65-66, 69, 79-80
Vietnam conflict and,
287-88, 290, 291
Kennedy, Robert F., 78, 79,
83, 108, 125, 129
Cuban missile crisis and,
108, 119-22, 123
Kennedy administration,
79, 83, 126, 128
military's right-wing extremism
and, 79-80
Kera, Tiiu, 500
Kerr, Richard E., Jr., 315,
339
KG-14 cipher machine,
266, 277
KGB, 20-21, 23
Pueblo intelligence coup
and, 275-77
Khalil, Ziyad, 615
Khrushchev, Nikita S.,
45-46, 50-53, 59-60
Cuban missile crisis and,
116-17, 120-21, 125
Paris summit ended by,
54-55
U-2 revelations by,
50-51, 52-53
Killian, James R., Jr.,
356-57, 360, 582
Kim Il Sung, 281
King, Daniel, 536
King, Martin Luther, Jr.,
429
Kisler, Earl M., 252-53
Kissinger, Henry, 349
KL-47 cipher machine, 245
Klein, Joel, 386
Knebel, Fletcher, 67
Kokalis, David P., 462
Korea, People's Democratic
Republic of (North
Korea), 24-26, 42, 93,
155, 242, 244-45, 293,
333, 408, 503
RB-47 shootdown attempt
by, 246-48
Korea, Republic of (South
Korea), 25, 124,
245, 249, 261, 397,
402
Blue House raid in,
255-57
Korean War, 24-30, 182,
537
China's intervention in,
27-29
Korgie, Leonard, 26
Kosygin, Alexei, 193, 194,
225
Kullback, Solomon, 2, 582,
586, 587
Kura, 114
Kursk, 173-74
Kuwait, 474., 475, 516, 544,
545
KW-7 cipher system, 245,
254-55, 266, 276, 307
KW-37 cipher machine,
266, 277
KY-8 telephone, 305-6,
307, 352
La Belle
discotheque
bombing, 390, 553
Lacy, Gene, 259, 264
Lansdale, Edward G.,
78-79, 83, 84
Laos, 62, 305, 322
Larson, Doyle, 320
Lebanon, 19, 167, 197, 203,
391
Lechuga, Carlos, 129,
136-37
Lee, Derek, 397
Lemnitzer, Lyman L., 63,
65, 67-72, 81-82
civilian command of
military opposed by,
81-82
congressional testimony
of, 68, 73, 88
Cuban invasion advocated
by, 70-71, 72,
74-75
JFK's first meeting with,
71-72
later career of, 88
Northwoods proposals
and, 84-88, 90
and Senate's investigation
of military's
right-wing extremism,
80-81
Lentini, Joseph C., 218-19
LeSchack, Leonard A.,
143-46
Levenson, Arthur, 13, 15,
585
Lewis, David E., 200,
211-12, 226
Liberty, 181-84, 185, 228,
241, 339
Liberty, Israeli attack on,
187-239, 494
alleged El Quseir confusion
in, 230, 234-35
casualties in, 226,
227-28
compensation payments
for, 228-29
cover-up of, 225-26, 228,
229-30
CRITIC message in,
221-22
and decision to deploy
Liberty in Middle
East, 187-88, 190
distress signal sent in,
210-11, 221, 224
Israeli reconnaissance
prior to, 199-200, 204,
206
Israel's El Arish atrocities
and, 201-3,
235-36
Israel's justification of,
229-51
by jet aircraft, 209-15
LBJ and, 222-26, 230
"mistake" theory of,
230-37
by motor torpedo boats,
215-20
NSA's airborne surveillance
of, 204-6,
212-13, 216, 220-21,
227, 231
NSA's safety concerns
prior to, 197-98
security concerns in,
223--24, 227
Sixth Fleet's response to,
221-22, 224, 226-27,
236
U.S. probes of, 230-38
U.S.-Soviet exchanges
and, 224-25
warning message foul-up
and, 198-99, 230,
236
Libya, 150, 182, 381, 390,
443, 553
Lighthizer, James, 5
Lightning, 582-90, 604
Lilly, James, 411-12
Lindauer, Edwin R., 392
Lin Piao, 28
listening posts, 139-74
at Adak, 148-49
in Aden, 161-62
in Arctic region, 139-45,
147-48, 546
in Australia, 402-3, 409,
547, 616
in Bahamas, 360-61
in Barents Sea, 167-72
in Canada, 139, 141-42,
394-96
at Cape Chiniak,
147-48
on Cyprus, 166--67, 187
deactivation of, 545-48
in Eritrea, 160-61
first in space, 367-68
in Germany, 150-54
in Great Britain, 174-75,
407, 616
in Iran, 149, 179
in Japan, 155-56, 407-8,
546
Kursk disaster and,
173-74
in Libya, 150
in New Zealand, 403,
409, 547
oceanic, 162-5, 167
at Okinawa, 156-59
at Rota, Spain, 194-95
in Turkey, 154-55, 179
see also spy ships
Littleton, Clay, 160
Lockwood, Bryce, 189-90,
208-10, 216-19
Lodestone computer system,
590
Long Beach, 343
Lord, Charles R., 523
Lovett, Robert A., 30-31
low-level voice intercept
(LLVI), 27
Lucent Technologies, 462,
612
Lukashevich, Yakof, 245
Lumumba, Patrice, 181
Lund, Howard R., 94
McAdam, Gregor,
165
MacArthur, Douglas, 19,
26, 28-29
McCarthy, Richard,
318-19, 333-34
McCaslin, Tami, 531
McClintock, Ralph, 268
McCone, John, 100, 110,
112, 113, 115, 116,
126, 128, 132, 137,
340, 358
McConnell, J. Michael, 458,
523, 550, 552-55,
560-61, 562, 573
McFarland, Terry, 213
McGonagle, William L.,
185, 197, 200, 207,
209-10, 214-16,
219-20, 226, 229-30,
233
McGowan, Bill, 151
MacKenzie, 294
McNamara, Barbara,
458-59, 460, 467, 471,
497, 498, 564
McNamara, Robert S., 68,
79, 87-88, 89, 99,
131-32, 270, 292, 333,
502
Cuban missile crisis
and, 99, 100, 118, 122,
124
Liberty incident and,
222-23
Northwoods and, 86-88
Six-Day War news and,
193-94
Tonkin Gulf testimony
of, 299-300
Maddox, 295-98
Magnum program, 401
Mahon, George, 232, 384
Maine, 84
Major, John, 401
Mann, Thomas C., 75
Mansfield, Mike, 60
Mao Zedong, 27-28, 157
Marcos, Ferdinand E., 316
Marshall, Bill, 452
Marshall, George C., 8, 27
Martin, Frederick T., 512,
515, 563
Martin, Graham, 348-51
Martin, William H., 92-93,
96, 97, 543
Mashey, John, 599
Massey, 226
Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 615
Mattison, Hobart D., 247-48
Mauritius, 163-64, 165
Mayo, Reid D., 364-66
Mellon, Chris, 497
Memphis, 173-74
Menzel, Donald H., 362
Meredith, James, 79
Mexico, 19, 129, 133, 397
Microturbo, SA, 412, 413,
414-15:418, 421-22
microwave communications,
176, 366-69,
490
Midway Island, 162-63
Mielziner, Jo, 21
Military Assistance Command,
Vietnam
(MACV), 330-31
Military Intelligence Code
Number 11, 18
Millington, Henry, 263
Millis, John, 457, 463, 466,
467, 476, 650
Minaret program, 429
Minihan, Kenneth A., xiii,
422, 453, 471, 473,
494, 510, 523, 525,
526, 559, 561-64,
579
management style of,
567-72
MIT, 585, 610, 612
Mitchell, Bernon F., 92-93,
96, 97, 543
Mitchell, John, 430-31, 433
Mobutu, Joseph-Desire,
181, 182
Money, Arthur L., 496
Mongoose, 79, 83, 108, 125
moon-bounce antenna, 94,
101, 188, 207, 208
Moore, Brian, 547
Moore, Jim, 81
Moorefield, Kenneth, 350
Moorer, Thomas H., 109,
230, 237-38, 250, 271
Moqed, Majed, 617
Morris, Brent, 529
Morris, Coy R., 505
Morrison, John E., Jr., 119,
233, 263, 269, 523
Morton, George, 132
Moussa, Abdelsalam, 202
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick,
xiii
Muller, 103, 126, 130-31,
187, 246
Murphy, Ed, 259
Murray, Frank, 272
Murrow, Edward R., 66
Musketeer Foxtrot, 153-54
Myer, Charles R., 304,
306
Nasser, Gamal
Abdel, 186,
192, 225, 238
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
(NASA), 51-52, 514
National Center for Atmospheric
Research,
598-99
National Cryptologic
School, 388, 524-26,
534
courses offered by,
408-9, 525
identification badges
used by, 489-90
National Reconnaissance
Office (NRO), 366,
367, 466-67, 511,
576
National Security Agency
(NSA),
A Group, 93, 100, 354,
355, 359, 370, 376-77,
500, 562-63
American Black Chamber
as predecessor of,
1-3, 4, 6
archives and records of,
519-20
background investigations
by, 535-36,
543
B Group, 93, 100, no,
246, 248, 500
biometric identification
system of, 507
budget of, 93, 146-47,
339-40, 341, 356-57,
383, 388-89, 456-57,
472-73, 475, 481-82,
549-60, 553, 557-58,
569, 574, 576, 584
CIA's relations with,
358-59, 382-85,
473-79, 500
civilian-military friction
in, 100, 341-42
computer crash of January
2000 at, 461-53,
454, 457
computer development
and, 579-82
congressional probes of,
357, 434-40
creation of, 31
cryptologic occupations
at, 618-21
CSS, 482, 498, 501, 541
declassification project
of, 520
defense industry lobby
and, 576-77
"defense" role of, 424-25
demarches to foreign
governments by, 420
digital cellular communicati
ons and, 463-65
disposal of classified materi
als by, 516-19
dissemination of names
by, 442-49
diverse workforce of,
528-31
domestic espionage by,
428-51, 434, 435,
44G-41
domestic telecommunications
companies'
agreement with, 153,
434-40
downsizing of, 549-52,
562, 573-74, 576
education at, 524-25,
532-33
Future Day program of,
568-69
G Group, 93, 178-79,
185, 187, 197, 217,
233, 239, 377, 429,
500
Hayden's reforms at,
470-73
headquarters of, see
Crypto City
hiring program of,
531-58, 542--43,
559-60, 574-75,
576
homosexual purge at,
543-44
industrial espionage and,
424-26
Inman's tenure at,
374-84
insular culture of,
582-85, 385, 587,
471-72
intelligence analysis routine
of, 418-20
Intranet of, 511-15
JFK assassination and,
135-36
K Group, 197, 240, 244,
248
law enforcement involvement
of, 449-51
linguistic capability of,
616-17
linguists shortage of,
555-57
management crisis of,
456-57, 467-71
management types at,
530-31
Martin-Mitchell defection
scandal and,
92-93, 96, 97, 543
mathematician shortage
at, 558-59, 561
M Group, 500-501
minorities and, 559-61,
564-66
National Security Operations
Center, 100, 490,
493, 501-2, 569
National Sigint Operations
Center, 501, 569
number of employees of,
482
outside contracts of,
522-23, 574--75, 577
partner agencies of,
394-405
polygraph program of,
536-42
post-Vietnam growth of,
339-40
post-World War II
growth of, 355-57
recruitment program of,
531-38, 542-43,
559-60, 574-75, 576
reorganizations of, 42,
93, 500-501, 549-50
Scientific Advisory
Board, 458, 462, 529,
605
secrecy obsession of, 5-5,
382-83, 385, 387,
471-72, 491-93,
507-10, 532
security classification
system of, 489-90
Suez crisis as test of,
59-42
Supercomputer Research
Center, 579, 598, 600,
602-3, 604, 607-8, 609
Support Services Opera
tions Center, 482,
492-93
surveillance navy developed
by; 178-80; see
also spy ships
technology revolution
and, 457-58, 479
wages at, 576
women and, 559-61,
564-66
World Trade Center
attack and, 646
Y2K problem and,
452-54
National Security Council
(NSC), 30, 31, 47, 54,
55-56, 58-59, 72, 112,
136, 288, 391, 543,
588
303 Committee of, 246
National SIGINT File,
515-16, 646
National War College, 79,
530
Nautilus, 104-6
Naval Research Laboratory,
362-63, 514
Naval Security Group, 98,
104, 166, 178, 222,
244, 250, 253, 257,
280-81, 292, 339, 408,
498, 520-21, 549, 580,
581
Detachment Key West
of, 104
Sigint patrols of, 292-93
Navy, U.S., 18, 103-4, 156,
197-98, 230, 250
bombe machine of, 587
Rota listening post of,
194-95
spyship program of, 240,
241-43
NEC, 598-99, 611-12
Neff, Paul E., 11-12
NESTOR voice encryption
machine, 352, 353
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 203
Netherlands, 19, 134, 462
New Enterprise Team,
470-71
Newsweek, 378, 464, 492
Newton, Frank, 566
New York Times, 378, 379,
380-81, 435, 492, 610
New Zealand, 403, 409, 547
New Zealand Combined
Signals Organisation,
403
Nguyen Cao Ky, 316
Nikolaevsk, 114
Nikolaj Burdenko, 76-77,
114
Nitze, Paul, 89-90, 246
Nixon, Richard M., 56, 60,
340, 429-34, 543
in 1968 election, 278
Norland, Selmer S., 13, 17
Normalizer computer system,
452-53
Norstad, Lauris, 81
North American Aerospace
"Defense Command
(NORAD), 622,
631-32, 634
North, Oliver L., 391, 392,
413
North Pole 8, 142-46
Northwoods, 82-91, 300,
301
Guantanamo scheme
and, 840-89
McNamara and, 86-88,
89
proposed bombings and
schemes for, 85-86,
89-91
Nowicki, Marvin E.,
195-96, 204-5, 213,
216, 221, 231
NSA Handbook, 531
NSA Newsletter, 131, 486,
544, 550
NSA SIGINT Digest, 515
NSA Technical Journa4
531, 560-61
Observation
Island, 504
Oceanarium, 606-7
O'Connor, Jim, 188
Odom, William, 389-93,
474
Odonovich, Paul, 27, 30
Office of Defense Mobilization,
356
Office of Naval Intelligence
(ONI), 115
Office of Naval Research
(ONR), 143, 581
Office of Special Operations
(OSO), 78-79
Office of Strategic Services
(OSS), 7
Ogier, Herbert, 295
O'Grady, Scott, 513
Oilstock software system,
505
O'Malley, Jerry, 323-24
Omand, David, 547-48
one-time pads, 20-21, "23,
303, 521
OP-20-G, 98, 580
Operational Plan 34A
(OPLAN 34A),
291-92, 293, 298
Operations Command, U.S.,
502
Organization of American
States (GAS), 89, 175
Orlov, Alexander, 45-46
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 132,
135, 137,
Oxcart aircraft, 149-50
Oxford, 94-95, 99-100,
101-3, 107, 109-14,
126, 175-80, 186, 197,
292, 295, 339
off China, 316-17
sent to Vietnam, 313-15,
333, 336
Seven Nations Conference
and, 315-16
Oxygen, 462
Pageler, Donald
W., 217,
219, 228
Paige, Mitchell, 66
Painter, Lloyd, 207,
209-10, 214, 215, 219
Pak Chung Kuk, 253, 255
Pakistan, 43, 124, 402, 409,
412, 433, 503
Palladium system, 107-8
Palmer, Bruce, Jr., 341
Palmer, Charlie, 81
Parish, Harold L., 99-100,
101, 111, 113, 118,
119, 122-23
Park Chung Hee, 255-56
Parker, Barrington D., 61-62
Parks, David, 157, 158,
325-30, 334, 337-39
Payne, Robert, 548
Peacetime Airborne Reconnaissance
Program
(PARPRO), 246
Peak, James P., 513
Pease, Philip T., 539
Pendergrass, James T.,
581-82
Peres, Shimon, 40
Perry, 76
Perry, William 1, 562
Phillips, Cecil, 20-21
Phillips, Samuel C., 342,
346
Pike, John, 574
Pinchasy, Pinchas, 204
Pine Gap satellite base,
368-69
Platform computer network,
404, 592
Poindexter, John, 413
Poland, 134-35, 399
polygraph Assisted Scoring
System (PASS),
541-42
polygraph tests, 536-42
counterintelligence and,
538-39
espionage discovered
with, 540-41
for job applicants,
536-37
personal questions issue
and, 537-38
Poteat, Gene, 107-8
powers, Francis Gary, 43,
44-48, 51, 59, 62n,
107, 322, 365
PRD-1, 328-29, 337
Preparedness Committee,
57
President's Board of Consultants
on Foreign
Intelligence Activities,
356, 357
Prestel, Robert L., 405
Prettyman, Barbara, 551
processor-in-memory chips
(PIMs), 607
Project Alert, 66
Project X, 375
Pueblo, 243, 292, 339
spy equipment of, 254-55
Pueblo incident, 240-82,
333
A-12 overflights in,
273-75
Blue House raid and,
253-57
court of inquiry after,
278-79
crew's fate in, 268-69,
275, 277, 278
emergency destruction
of classified materials
in, 259-60, 261,
264-68
North Korean warnings
in, 252-54, 255, 280
NSA's warning message
prior to, 248-51,
269-70, 280
Pueblo fired upon in,
260-61, 262, 264
Pueblo's operations order
and, 251-52
Pueblo surrendered in,
266-68
secret materials compromised
in, 263-64, 266,
275-77, 307-8
U.S. casualties in, 264
U.S. military's response
to, 261-62
U.S. war preparations in,
270-72
Walker spy ring and,
276-77, 307-8
Purple code, 301, 312, 397,
526
Purple Dragon analysis, 311
Qaddafi, Muammar, 390
quantum computing,
609-12
Rabin, Yitzhak,
203
Radio Intelligence Companies,
19
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar
Hashemi, 418
Rainess, Ira, 492
Rainfall, 359, 370
Rakfeldt, Harry A., 225,
273-75
RAMPART National Program
Office, 499
Rapid Analytical Machines
(RAMs), 579-81, 608
Raven, Frank, 96, 178-79,
185, 187, 188-89,
197-98, 217, 429
Ray, Bill, 96
RB-47 Strata-Spy, 32-35,
36, 37-38, 102, 119,
320-21
North Korea's attempt to
down, 246-48
Reagan, Ronald, 382, 387,
388, 389-90, 394, 399
Reno, Janet, 449, 567
Rhyolite satellite, 367-68,
400
Rich, Monty, 165
Richardson, Earl, 174
Ringe, Bobby, 182-83
Ripken, Cal, Jr., 492
Rissman processing system,
504-5
Rockefeller, Nelson, 435
Rogers, William P., 543
Rollwagen, John, 591
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 66
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 22,
357-58
Rosser, J. Barkley, 605
Rostow, Walt, 191-92, 222,
223
Rowe, William E., 332,
335
Rowlett, Frank B., 2, 6,
22-23, 136, 355, 477,
526
Rowley, Charles L., 208,
210, 215, 220
Rudman, Warren B., 476
Rusk, Dean, 100, 108, 120,
191, 194, 297
Russell, Richard, 103
Russell, Stu, 254, 257, 267,
269
Ryan, John, 319
Ryan 147 drone, 119, 321
RYCOM, 176
Rye system; 589
SA-2 missile, 47,
49, 102,
106-7, 321-22, 324,
342-43, 370
Sabertooth, 289-90
Sadat, Anwar, 475
Safire, William L., 380-81,
386
Samford, John, 92, 93
Sample, Tim, 567
Samuel R. Aitken, 92, 94
Sandia National Laboratory,
593, 595
San Francisco Conference
(1945), 21-23
Sannes, Mike, 127
San Roman, Pepe, 77-78
Saratoga, 211, 212, 222, 224
satellites and satellite espionage,
359-69, 393,
460, 615
decline of, 549
giant antennas used for,
361-63
ground stations for,
368-69
INTELSAT, 404-11, 414
microwave communications
detected by,
366-69, 466
Solar-Rad, 365-66
technology revolution
and, 466-67
toxic experiment for,
360-61
training courses for,
408-9
Zircon, 400-40 1
Schatz, James R., 558, 559
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr.,
116-17
Schlesinger, James R., 436
Schwartz, Frederick A. 0.,
438-39
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman,
512
Scorpion, 105, 246
Searchlight program, 509
Secret Intelligence Service
(MI-6), British, 421
Security Affairs Support
Association (SASA),
523
Seigrist, Connie M., 144-45
Semantic Forests program,
556
Senate, US., 60, 68, 231
Foreign Relations Committee,
55, 56, 58, 59,
60-61, 80, 300
Intelligence Committee,
377-78, 381, 384, 542
military's right-wing extremists
investigated
by, 80-81
Senghor, Leopold, 178
Sevareid, Eric, 66
Seven Days in May, 67, 80
Seven Nations Manila
Summit Conference
(1966), 315-16
Shamrock program, 133,
434, 436-40
Sharon, Ariel, 202-3
Sheck, Gene, 197, 240-41,
244, 248, 249-50,
258-59, 263, 268,
269-72, 280
Sheehy, Mary Ann, 565-67
Shelton, William, 44-45
Shkval, 111, 114
SIGABA code machine, 18
Sigint, 8
Sigint Communications
System, 588
SIGINT Summary, 515
Signal Intelligence Agency,
German, 15
Signal Intelligence Division,
U.S., 8
Signal Intelligence Service,
U.S., 1, 3, 526
Signal Security Agency
(SSA), 24, 426, 579-80
Language branch of, 19
Silicon Graphics, Inc.
(SGI), 599, 601, 602
Silkworth, 490
Simons, Howard, 380
Single-Scope Background
Investigation (SSBI),
535-36
Sinkov, Abraham, 2, 477
Six-Day War, 154, 190-97
El Arish and, 201-3,
236, 238-39
Israeli electronic surveillance
in, 237-38
Soviets and, 192-93,
208-9
see also Liberty, Israeli
attack on
"Six Point Program for Improved
Intercept," 360
Sixth Fleet, U.S., 211,
221-22, 226, 227, 236
Smith, Burton, 600, 602
Smith, James F., 140-41,
144-46
Smith, Melvin, 199
Smith, Walter Bedell, 30
Snepp, Frank, 350
Snider, L. Britt, 434-35,
436, 438, 439-40
Snyder, Sam, 582
Solar-Rad satellite, 365--66
Solomatin, Boris A.,
276-77, 307
Sone, Jun'ichi, 611-12
Sonntag, William J., 565
Soviet Union, 7, 18, 19,
23-24, 28, 42, 71,
93, 134, 153, 186,
352, 368, 402, 450,
492, 502, 540, 553,
555
Afghanistan invaded by,
389, 398, 399
arctic listening posts of,
142-43
arms shipments to Cuba
of, 76-77
Barents Sea surveillance
of, 167-70
computer development
in, 589-90
Homerun and, 35-37
Korean War and, 25, 27
manned space program
of, 154-55
microwave communications
used by, 366-67
one-time pad security
breach of, 20-21
Pueblo intelligence coup
and, 275-77, 307-8
Six-Day War and,
192-93, 208-9
Sputnik launched by,
360, 588
spy ship fleet of, 93,
308-9
Suez crisis and, 39, 42
tapping of submarine
cables of, 370-74
U-2 affair and, see U-2
crisis
Venona program against,
21, 23, 303, 355
Spain, 19, 23, 40
Special Collection Service
(SCS), 477, 479-80
Special Comint Committee,
356
Special U.S. Liaison officers
(SUSLOs), 498
Spoon Rest radar, 106,
117-18
Sputnik 1, 360, 588
spy ships, 94-95, 339
off Africa, 175, 180-84,
313
in Cuban missile crisis,
99, 100, 102-3,
107-12, 125-26
moon-bounce antenna
of, 94
Russian, 93, 308-9
off South America,
175-78
U.S., Navy program for,
240-43
in Vietnam War, 313-16
see also Liberty, Israeli
attack on; Pueblo incident
SR-71 Blackbird, 149,
273n, 318, 323-25
Stahr, Elvis J., Jr., 68
Stapleton-Gray, Ross, 511
Stassen, Harold, 41
State Department, U.S., 3,
31, 75, 147, 175, 192,
193, 225, 230, 235,
286, 287, 355, 409,
417, 420, 424, 502,
516
Steakley, Ralph, 249-50
Stephanopoulos, George,
386, 387
Stevens, Robert E., 522
Stevenson, Adlai E., 59-60,
128
Stimson, Henry, 3
Stockmeier, Mike, 147
Strategic Air Command
(SAC), 112-13, 117,
131, 308-9, 322
Stretch, 586-87
Stroiazzo-Mougin, Bernard,
413
Strott, Robert R., 5
Studeman, William 0., 5,
393-94, 411, 423-24,
425, 523, 544-45, 549,
550
STU-III security telephone,
482, 508-9, 573
submarine cables, tapping
of, 370-74
Suez crisis (1956), 38-41
Sugar Grove antenna,
362-63, 404-5
Sulzberger, A.D., 379
supercomputers, 578
Automated Cartridge
System for, 603-4
biological processes in,
612-13
Cray's development of,
590-93, 596-602
data storage and, 603-4,
606-7
Harvest system and, see
Harvest computer
Japan and, 594-96,
598-99
miniaturization and,
609-12
NSA's facility for, 579,
602-6
parallel processing and,
596-98
quantum computing
and, 609-12
speed measure used in,
592-93
speeds attained by,
607-8
Supercomputer Systems,
597
Supplementary Radio System,
396
Swordfish cipher machine,
14
SX-4 supercomputer,
598-99
Syria, 19, 40, 134, 191,
197
System-V intercept equipment,
44
SYSTRAN translation program,
555-56
Takkoush, Abed,
238
Talbott, Strobe, 386
Tall King missile system,
149-50, 154
Tattletale, 364-65
Taylor, James R. (Rich),
499-500
Taylor, Keith, 113
Taylor, Maxwell, 69, 87,
118, 131
Taylor, William, Jr., 278
Teaball warning system,
319-20
Technical Extracts of Traf
fic Analysis (TEXTA),
112
Tellman processing system,
504
Tempest emissions, 1to
Tenet, George J., 418,
476-77, 496, 542
Tera Computer, 600, 602
Terek, 111, 112
Tester, Ralph, 15
Tet offensive, 284, 332-40
casualties in, 336
growth of NSA and,
339-40
warnings of, 332-33
Thailand, 19, 322, 325
Thatcher, Margaret, 398,
399, 400
Thinking Machines Corporation,
597
3rd Radio Research Unit,
U.S., 288-91, 318
Thompson, Terry, 464,
465, 481, 533,
554, 557, 574, 575,
576-77
Thorn, Larry B., 220
303 Committee, 246, 250
TICOM (Target Intelligence
Committee)
missions, 8-12,
583
cryptologic targets
and objectives of,
9-10
Nazi codebreakers interrogated
by, 17-18
Russian Fish machines
discovered by, 15-17,
18
Ticonderoga, 298-99
Time, 378, 590
Tonkin Gulf Resolution,
299
Tooma, Sam, 242
Top Secret Intranet, 515
Tordella, Louis, 97-99, 103,
136, 222, 223, 232-33,
235, 269, 299, 377,
407, 428, 430-33, 526,
578
NSA's computer development
program and,
580-83, 588-89
Shamrock scheme as
outlined by, 436-38
Tordella Supercomputer
Facility, 579, 602-3
Torii Station, Okinawa,
156-57, 159
Torricelli, Robert, 446
Tour, James, 611
Tourney, Phillip F., 219-20,
233
Tovey, Brian, 398-99
Tower, John, 435
Trinidad plan, 74
Truman, Harry S., 7, 28,
30, 66, 286, 337,
436
TRW, 367, 523, 552
Turing, Alan, 485-86
Turkey, 19, 44, 48, 49, 51,
120-21, 124, 134, 147,
154, 179
Turner, Stansfield, 383-85,
479
Turner Joy, 297, 346
Twining, Nathan, 54, 57
U-2 crisis,
116-17, 322
congressional investigation
of, 53-62
Eisenhower's role in, 43,
49-50, 51, 52, 53-54,
55-60, 62
Khrushchev's revelations
to Supreme Soviet in,
5G--'S1, 52-53
Northwoods and, 82-83
Paris summit in, 54-55,
57
perjured testimony in,
60-62
Powers shot down in,
46-48
U-2 spy planes, 37, 43--44,
77, 90, 108, 318
in Cuban missile crisis,
109, 117, 118-19, 120,
122
successor to, 149-50
in Vietnam War, 322-24
Ultra, 8-9
Unified Cryptologic Architecture,
522
United Arab Republic
(UAR), 147, 186,
191-92, 209
United Kingdom-USA
(UKUSA) Communications
Intelligence
Agreement, 40,
394-405, 406, 409,
415, 420, 441
dissemination of names
by, 442--49
industrial espionage and,
422-24
key targets of, 407-8, 410
privacy issue and, 427-28
see also satellites, satellite
espionage
United Nations, 21-23, 83,
186, 426, 444, 447
JFK assassination and,
134
Korean War and, 25
U-2 crisis and, 50
United States Signals Intelligence
Directive
(USSID), 499
USSID 18, 442, 444, 449
Universe Computer system,
452
Urgench, 115, 116
Uruguay, 19, 147, 175
USA-512J, 194, 204, 216,
221, 227
"U.S. Identities in Sigint, "
442-43
Valdez, 132, 179-81, 182,
185, 259
Vallejo, Rene, 129-30
Van Fleet, James, 30
Vault Type Room (VTR),
507-8
Velasquez, Efrain Bamaca,
446
Venezuela, 19, 133, 511
Venona program, 21, 23,
303, 355
see also one-time pads
Vietcong, 288, 313, 315,
327-28, 329, 332
Vietnam, Democratic Republic
of (North Vietnam),
93
creation of, 284-85
Sigint efforts of, 303-4,
306-7
Vietnam, Republic of
(South Vietnam),
352
Vietnam War, 261,
283-353, 4-03, 429
airborne Sigint in,
317-25
Arc Light in, 308-10
CIA and, 331, 333,
337
classified materials abandoned
and lost in,
352-53
French colonialization
and, 284-86
jungle Sigint missions
in, 325-30
North Vietnamese cryptography
in, 288-89,
303-4, 306-7
NSA buildup in, 301-2
OPLAN-34A in, 291-92,
293, 298
Pueblo security breach
and, 307-8
Sigint in, 289-90,
292-93, 295, 301-6
U.S. bombing raids compromised
in, 308-11
U.S. evacuation from,
346-52
U.S. security shortcomings
in, 304-7, 311-12
see also Gulf of Tonkin
incident; Tet offensive
Vint Hill Farms
Station
(Monitoring Station
Number 1), 19-20,
133
Vogt, John, 319
Volador, 273-75
von Neumann, John, 582
VQ-2, 195, 204
Walcott, John, 378
Walker, Edwin A., 66, 79
Walker, John (James
Harper), 244-45,
276-77, 307-8, 353
Walker, Walton H., 26
Wallace, F. Harrison,
152-53
Walsh, Lawrence E., 391
Ward, Joseph, 210-11, 224
War Department, U.S., 18
Confidential Code Num
ber 2 of, 18
Warren, Earl, 66, 69
Warren Commission, 135,
136
Washington-Moscow
Emergency Communications
Link,
192-93
Washington Post, 365, 378,
379-80
Watergate scandal, 431,
434
wavelength division multiplexing
(WDM), 461,
463, 465
Weaver, Larry, 200, 207,
209, 213-14, 217-18,
219, 228
Webworld, 512, 606
Weinberger, Caspar W.,
388, 389
Weisband, William, 24, 29,
30
Wescott, Gary, 344-46
Western Union, 22, 133,
434
Westmoreland, William,
284, 330-33, 334
Wetwash cable, 302
Weyand, Frederick C.,
334
Wheatley, Robert, 159
Wheeler, Earle G., 271
Whiff radar, 100
Whitaker, Paul K., 12-15
White, Lincoln, 53, 54
White, Stan, 208, 210-11,
214, 217, 219, 228
White Birch, 289
White Cloud satellite program,
165-66
Whitman, Ann, 53
Whitworth, Jerry, 277
Wieland, Daniel T., 182-83
Wigglesworth, Michael J.,
566
Williams, Penny Gamble,
561
Wilson, Craig L., 554
763
Wilson, Ralph, 66-67
Wilson, Robert L., 227-28
Winchester, Simon, 164-65
Winters, Robert C., 246-47
WLR-1 intercept receiver,
255
Wobensmith, John C.,
391-92
Woelk, Steven, 264
Wood, Jack, 155
Woodward, Bob, 379-80
Woodward, Gilbert, 278
Woolsey, R. James, 425
World Trade Center attack,
617-45
World War II, 160, 285,
312, 355-56, 397, 403,
486, 587
Wright, Beverly, 472-75
Wright, Wesley, 155
Xerox, 606-7
Y2K problem,
452-54
Yardley, Herbert 0., 3
Yasson, Phillip, 163
Yitzhaki, Aryeh, 202,
203
Yom Kippur War of 1973,
153
Yugoslavia, 19, 147, 554
Yurke, Bernard, 612
Zaslow, Milton S.,
28,
269-70, 341
Zimmer, Jeanne Y.,
500-501
Zircon satellite, 400-401
ZR/RIFLE, 477-79
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