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INDEX
Agamospermy, 55
Agave (century plant), 88, 89,
190
Age of Flowers, 138
Age of Mammals, 138
Air spaces, in white flowers, 15
Alchemy, 164-165
Algal blooms, 144
Algeny, 164-166
Allelopathy, 109-110
Alpine pennycress. 174
Amborella, 138-139, 195
Amorphophallus titanum (giant
arum), 7, 8, 32-33, 178, 183
Angelica, 172
Angiosperms, 42, 135, 138, 139
Animalia, 126
Animals, 126
Batesian mimicry in, 112
ANT, 166
Anther, 3, 5 fig., 39, 40 fig., 94
Ants, 78, 189
Aprovechado, 70-71, 188
Apt, Milburn Grant, 1
201
Apt, Oley Samuel, 1
Arabidopsis thaliana, 123, 165
Arizona Desert Museum, 149
Army worms, 77, 189
Arum family, 62--64
arum lily, 63-64, 74-75
dead horse arum, 32-33, r83
giant arum, 7, 8, 32-33, 178,
183
lords-and-ladies, 62-63
philodendrons, 57-58, 59 fig.,
60-62, 138
Aspen, 173
Asteraceae, 117
Asters, 110
Azaleas, 134
Aztecs, 25
Bach, Edward, 172-173
Bach Flower Remedies, 173~174
Bald cypress, 136
Barley, 110
Barrel cactus, 3
Base working, 70-71
Bates, Henry Walter, 113-114,
115, 193
Batesian mimicry, 111-112, 113,
193
Bats, 10, 20, 23, 178
Bauhinia monandra, 23
Beardstongue, 118
Beauty
nature as, 2-3
physics of, 6-10, 177-178
Bee-green, 180
Bee-purple, 17
Bees
bumblebees, 42, 71, 95
carpenter bees, 31
color vision in, 13, 17-18,
179-180
euglossine bees, 37, 74
evolution of, 46-47
honeybees, 17, 29, 70, 95, 96,
98-99
odor detection in, 28,
182-183
pollen odor and, 30
as pollinators, 96
Beetles, 8, 19, 30, 33, 60-61,
132- 133
Bee-white, 18
Bellis perennis, 117, 128
Bennettites, 131
Benzenoids, 152
Bernhardt, Peter, 43, 55
Bilateral flowers, 40-41, 122
Binomial names, 120-121
Biotechnology, 165-166
Bird-of-paradise, 161
Birds, 7, 20. See also
Hummingbirds
Bittercress (Cardamine amara),
56
Bitter kola, 171, 199
Black, 15
Blackfoot daisy, 117
Black walnut, 109
Bloody cranesbill, 118
Blowflies, 32-33
Bluebells, 118
Blueberries, 95
Blue light, 13, 17
Blue rose, 159-160, 162, 164,
198-199
Bog myrtle, 52-53
Bogus yucca moth, 70
Book lice, 20
Botanical Code, 120, 124
Botanical Latin, 121
Bougainvilla, 161
Breeding, 159-167, 198-199
cross-breeding, 44, 159-162
Brewer's clarkia (Clarkia
breweri), 151-152, 156
Broad-tailed hummingbird,
145 fig.
Bronstein, Judith, 187
Brown algae, 126
Bumblebee, 42, 71, 95. See also
Bees
Burial rituals, flowers and, 1-2,
99, 177, 190
Burro-weed, 109
Buttercups, 111
Butterflies, 7, 19, 21, 31, 113-114,
138, 163, 181
Buzz pollination, 9445, 191
Cabbage, 175
Cachana, 172
Calyx, 39
Cambrian extinction, 142
Campanula rotundifolia, 118
Camphene, 4
Cancer-root, 110
Cardamine amara (bittercress),
56
Cardamine hirsuta (hairy
bittereress), 56
Cardamine pratensis (lady's smock),
56
Carnation, 134, 162
Carpel, 38, 40 fig., 42
Carpenter bee, 31-
See also Bees
Carrion beetles, 8
Caterpillars, 106, 112
Catkin, 91-92
Cedar, 136
Century plant (agave), 88, 89,
190
Cereus cactus, 82-86, 189-190
flower, 84 fig.
Chakra system, 173
Cheating, 72-76, 188
Chemical compounds, odor
producing, 4, 27, 152
Chemical defenses
/against other plants, 109-110
against pests, 106, 108
Chernobyl, 175
Chestnut, 32
ch'l, 173
Chickweed, 109
Chicory, 28
Chittka, Lars, 179-180
Chlorophyll, 16
Cholla, 3
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum,
117
Chrysanthemum leucanthum,
128
Chrysanthemums, 1
Cinquefoil, 24, 42
Circle flowers, 38, 40, 41, 122
Civet cats, 26
Cladistics, 123
Cladograrns, 123
Clarkia brewer; (Brewer's
clarkia), 151-152, 156
Clarkia concinna, 152
Class (taxon), 117, 118, 120
Clematis, 173
Clitoria ternatea, 118
Clover, '75
Cockroaches, 8. 20
Color
breeding for, 160-161
changes in flower, 22-23. 181
of flowers, 4, 11-16, 178-181
of pollen, 94
pollination and flower,
17-22
Columbine, 110-111
Communication
between plants, 104. 106, 108,
109-110, 192
between plants and
pollinators, 106
See also Color; Odor
Community(ies), 103-115.
191- 193
competition in. 79, 104-105.
108-111
cooperation in. 79. 105-108
mimicry in, 111-115
Competition, 79, 104-105,
108-111
Complexity, as universal theme,
7
Conifers, 131, 136
Cooperation, 79, 105-108
Coral reefs, 144
Coral snake, 112
Cornflower, 172
Corn, genetically engineered,
162-163
Corn poppy, 98
Corolla, 5 fig., 39
Corolla rubes, 46
Corpse flower, 33
Cottonwood, 52
Cow parsnip, 172
Cowpeas, 110
Cranberries, 95
Cranesbill, 172
Creosote bush, 55-56, 86, 109
Cretaceous period, 132-133
Crickets, 20
Crops, chemical pest defenses
in, 108
Cross-breeding, 44, 159-162
Cross-fertilization, 50, 54
Cuckoo-flowers, 118
Cycads, 64, 131, 132-133
Daisies, 3, 12, 14
oxeye, 119 fig.
parts of, 40, 97
prey defenses of, 77, 189
taxonomy of, 117-118,
127-128
Dandelion, 55, 145
Dark/light cycle, as bloom
trigger, 104
Darwin, Charles, 47, 69-70, 73-
114-115
Dayflower, 163-164
Dead horse arum, 32-33, 183
Decay, smell of in flowers,
32-33
Deceit, among plants, 72-76,
188
Decoy nectaries, 78
Deer musk, 26
Delphinium, 42, 46-47, 51, 105,
107 fig., 110-111, 162
Diatoms, 126
Dillard, Annie, 2, 177
Dinosaurs, 130, 131, 134-137,
195-196
Disk flower, 3-4, 5 fig.
Diversity, sexual reproduction
and, 50-51
Division (taxon), 117, 118, 120
Double fertilization, 53
Double roses, 159-160, 198
Drugs, plant-derived, 170-171
Dung beetles, 19
Earwigs, 20
Ebola virus, bitter kola and, 171
Egyptians, 25
Eiseley, Loren, 131, 135, 138
Elephant pollination, 7
Emory oak, 171
Emotion, color and, 11, 24
Empty niches, 138, 195
Enchanter's nightshade, 156
Endosperm, 53
Endymonion non-scriptus, 118
Energy flows, 173
Energy spectrum, J3
Ephedra, 131
Eregeron divergens, 117, 128
Euglossine bee, 34, 74. See also
Bees
Eukaryotes, 125
Europeans, 25
Evening primrose, 28, 54, 104,
150, 156, 157, 172-
Evolution, 43-47, 184
of floral odor, 151-152, 155-156
mass extinction and, 138
of plants, 129-139, 194-196
Evolutionary relationship,
taxonomy and, 122-123, 124
Exotics,
144-145. 161
Extinction
of dinosaurs, 136-137, 196
mass, 138, 142
rates of, 141-148
Family (taxon), 117, 120
Fecal smells, in flowers, 33
Feedback and response, as
universal theme, 7
Female flower organs, 38,
40 fig.
Ferns, 137
seed ferns, 131
Fertilization
cross-fertilization, 50, 54
defined, 49
double, 53
self-fertilization, 54-55, 56, 87
See also Pollination
Fertilized flowers, odor of, 34-35
Fibonacci series, 178
Figswort, 118
Firewheel, 118
Flax, 3, 11
Flies, 19, 32-33
Flower constancy, 28, 182
Flower forms, taxonomic
classification and, 122
Flowering
death of plant and, 88
triggers for, 104
Flower(s)
animal-pollinated, 94,
97-98
burial rituals and, 1-2, 99, 1,
190
change in shape of, 41-43
color in. See Color
evolution of, 131, 133
fossils of, 19. 132, 133,
195
life span of, 82-90, 190
mathematics of. 8
odor of. See Odor
oldest living, 138-139
parts of, 3-4, 5 fig., 37-40, 40
fig., 184
senses of, 9. 178, 191
Flower traps, 72-76, 188
Food
odor of, 33-34
pollen as, 98-99
Forget-me-not, 93
Fossil flowers, 19, 132, 133,
195
Four-o'clock, 28, 156
Fungi, 105, 111, 126
Fungus gnat, 33, 76
Fused anthers, 5 fig.
Gamma rays, 13. 14
Genetic engineering, 162-163.
165-166
Genetic recombination, 50-51
Genome, taxonomy and, 123
Genus (taxon), 120
Geologic history, flowers and,
129-139
Geranium, 26
Germination, sound as trigger
for, 9
Giant arum (Amorphophallus
titanum), 7, 8, 32-33, 178,
183
Ginkgoes, 131
Giraffes, 8
Global warming, 144
human consequences of,
141-142, 147-148
Globemallow, 11
Gnats, 8, 74-75, 76
Golden mean. 8
Goldenrods, 110
Grand unified theory, 79-80
Grasses, preventing self-pollination
in, 53-54
Grasshoppers, 20
Greek myth, flowers and, 60
Greeks, 25
Green light, 13, 15-16, 17
Green algae, 126
Growth, of plants, 103
Growth inhibitor, 109
Guide marks, pollination and,
18-19
Gulf of Mexico, 144
Gullets, 41
Gymnosperm, 42, 130-135
Habitat fragmentation, 145
Hairy bittercress (Cardamine
hirsuta), 56
Hawaii, 145
Hawkmoth, 72-73, 149, 151-154,
155, 157, 197-198
Hazel tree, 91-92
Heather, 173
Heat, plant production and
regulation of, 57-65,
186-187
Heat wave, 141-142, 147-148,
195
Henna, 32
Herbal medicine, 171-172,
199-200
Hermaphrodites, 49-53
sequential. 51-52
structural, 52
Hibiscus, 161
Hindus, 25
Holly, 52
Home, odor of, 33-34
Honeybee, 17, 29, 70, 95, 96,
98-99. See also Bees
Honeycreepers, 145
Honey locust, 122
Honeysuckle, 173
Hormones, triggering
reproduction, 104, 192
"How Flowers Changed the
World, " 135
Humans
body odor of, 26
color vision in, 13, 17
odor detection in, 35
Hummingbirds, 20, 21, 30, 42,
46, 113, 152, 185
broad-tailed, 147 fig.
Hyacinth, 2, 99, 104
Hybrids, 161, 162-163, 167
Hydrangeas, 134
Impatiens, 161, 173
Incas, 175
Indian pipe, 110
Inflorescence, 4, 40
Infrared waves, 13, 14
Insect pollinators
color vision in, 19-20
odor detection in, 27-29
physical adaptation in, 96
See also individual insects
International Botanical
Congress, 141, 142, 143,
147, 156-158, 194, 196
International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (Botanical
Code), 120, '24
Invasive species, 144-145
Opomopsis aggregata (skyrocket),
11, 12, 18, 105, 109, 147 fig.
Iridium, 137
Iris, 162
Islands, species invasions on,
145
Jack-in-the-pulpit, 53, 75, u8
Jasmine, 26, 35
Jimsonweed (sacred datura),
149, 150 fig., 175
Joy, 35, 184
Juniper, 172
jurassic period, 131-132, 134
Keel petal, 42
Kingdom (taxon), 117, 118, 120
Kingsnake, 112
Koapweed, 2, 99
Koonwarra (Australia), flower
fossils in, 132
KT Boundary, 136, 137, 139, 196
Lacewings, 20
Lady's slipper, 74, 118
Lady's-smock (Cardamine
pratensis), 56
Lamb's-quarter, 109
La reina de la noche (cereus
cactus), 82-86, 188-190
flower, 84 fig.
Late Cretaceous period, 134,
136
Laurels, 136
Lavender, 26
Leaf roller, 77
Leopold, Aldo, 6, 177
Licorice, 172
Life span
of flowers, 82-90, 190
of plants, 86
Light response, 103
Lilac, 25
Lilies, 23, 25, 54
Lily arum species, 63-64, 74-75
Lima bean, 77
Lime, 32
Limonene, 4
Linnaean Society, 114
Linnaeus, Carl, 120, 121, 194
Lisanthius nigrescens, 15
Lizards, 7
Lords-and-ladies (Arum
maculatum), 62-63
Lotus, 123
Love, flowers' association with,
57-58, 60, 65
Lupine, 23
Magdeburg (Germany), 99-100
Magenta flowers, 21
Magnolia, 87, 136, 139
Maize, 110
Male flower organs, 39, 40 fig.
Mallow, 172
Mammals, 20, 135
Maples, 106
Marigold, 1, 11, 88
Marsupials, 20
Mass extinction, 138, 142, 195
Mathematics of flowers, 8
Meadow saffron, 97-98
Medicinal uses of plants,
169-174, 199-200
Melampodium leucanthum, 117
Meridian system, 173
Mescal, 89
Mice, 7
Midges, 63
Milkweed, 73
Mimicry, 22, 33-34, 111-115,
188-189, 193
Batesian, 111-112, 113, 193
Mullerian, 112-113, 193
Mimosa, 122
Mississippi River, 144
Mistletoe, 52, 110
Mites, 30
Moisture, as bloom trigger,
104
Monarch butterflies, 114, 163
Monera, 126
Monkeyflower, 45, 173, 185
Monoptilon bellioides, 117
Moonflower (sacred datura),
149, 150 fig., 175
Morning glory, 87, 89, 162
Moss, 130
Motherwort, 172
Moths
color vision in, 19
hawkmoths, 72-73, 149,
151-154, 155, 157, 197-198
odor detection in, 28
pollen odor and sexual
reproduction in, 30-32
as pollinators, 23
white-lined sphinx moths,
85-86, 151, 154
yucca moths, 67-70, 188
Movement, of flowers, 9
Muhammad, 35
Mullein, 171
Mullein root, 171-172
Muller, Fritz, 114
Mullerian mimicry, 112-113,
193
Mushrooms, 126
Musk, 26, 31
Mustards, 110, 111
Mutation, 50-51, 160
Mutualism, 67-80, 187-189
as parable, 78-80
between yucca and yucca
moth, 67-70, 71
Myrrh, 31, 32
Naming, significance of, 127-128
Natural selection, 44,
185-186
Nature, perceptions of, 2-3
Navajos, 100, 191
Neanderthals
burial rituals, 2, 99, 177,
190
Near infrared waves, 13, 14
Nectar, 29-30
Nectar theft, 70-71, 188
New Jersey, flower fossils in, 133
North Dakota, mass extinction
in, 137
Notes, perfume, 25-26
Nutgrass, 109
Nymphaea capensis (water lily),
189. See also Water lily
Oaks, 134
Oaxaca (Mexico), Lisanthius
nigrescens in, 15
Oceans, extinctions in, 144
Odor, 25-26, 182-184
analysis of flower, 151,
154-155, 198
as communication medium,
106
cross-breeding and, 159, 165
of flowers, 4, 27-35, 149--158
evolution of flower,
151- 152
of lily arum species,
63-64
mammal pollinators and
flower, 20
nectar and, 29-30
of pollen, 94
of pseudoflower, 111
repellent flower, 32-33,
34-35, 183-184
Odor carrier, 63
Odor plume, 27
Open-arse, 118
Orange light, '3
Orange-red light, 16
Orchids, 33-34, 41, 43, 73-74,
87, 112
Order (taxon), 117, 120
Origin of Species, 114
Osmophore, 63
Ovary, 4, 5 fig., 38, 40 fig.,
42-43
Ovule, 4, 38, 40 fig.
Oxeye daisy, 119 fig.
Pacific yew tree, 126
Palms, 64
Pappus, 5 fig.
Parasitism, among plants,
110-111, 193
Passionflower (Passifiora
incarnata), 37-40, 51-52,
184
flower, 39 fig.
Peas, 9, 42, 122, 138
Pennyroyal, 172
Penstemon, 3, 109, 172
Peony, 172
Perfect flowers, 38
Perfume, 25-26, 31, 33, 35
Perfume flowers, 34
Pests, chemical defenses
against, 106, 108
Petaloid sepal, 41
Petals, 39, 40 fig., 42, 159
in bilateral flowers, 40-41
pigments in, 15, 22, 178
Petunia, 162
pH, color change and changes
in. 23
Phacelia whitlavia, 118
Pheromone, 31, 34, 35, 183
Philodendrons (Philodendron
selloum), 57-58, 59 fig.,
60-62, 138. See also Arum
family
Phlox, 111
Photosensitivity, 103
Phototropism, 9
Phyletic evolution, 44
Physical form, life span and,
87
Physics of beauty, 6-10
Physics of time, 81-82, 89-90,
189-190
Phytoremediation, 174-175, 199
Pigments, in flower petals, 15,
22, 178
Pitcher plants, 134
Plantae, 126
Plant Patent Act, 167
Plants
cheating, 72-76
growth of, 103
life spans of, 86
medicinal use of, 169-174
Plenary lectures, 157
Pliny, 109
Poleo, 172
Politics, mutualism and, 79, 189
Pollen, 3-4, 39, 91-101, 190-191
as archeological clue, 90-100
ejection of, 72-73
as food source, 98-99
odor of, 30
pollen grain, 38, 40 fig., 94, 95
fig.
pollen tube, 40 fig., 53, 97-98
protection of, 94-95
receptivity for, 97-98
size of, 93-94
Pollen path, 100
pollination, 7-8, 53, 97-98
buzz, 94-95, 191
defined, 49
evolution of, 133-134
flower color and, 17-22
hostile to pollinator, 72-76
self-pollination, 51-52, 53-55
systems of, 6;-80
wind, 8, 91-93
See also Fertilization; Pollen;
Pollinators
Pollination syndromes, 20-21,
181
pollinators, 179
active, 68
benefits for, 105-106
cheating, 72-76
extinction rate among, 147
odor detection in, 28-2 9, 149,
151-154, 182, 197-198
plant hostility towards, 72-78
use of odor by, 35
variety of, 7-8
Pollinium, 72
Pollutants, phytoremediation
and, 174-175
Poplars, 175
Poppies, 3, 24, 54
Population growth, 144
Poster exhibition, 157
Potatoes, 95, 156
Potentilla, 172
Prana, 173
Predators, plant, 77
Prickly poppy, 172
Prokaryotes, 125
Protista, 126
Pseudocopulation, 33-34, 73
Pseudoflower, 111
Puccinia, 111
Pumpkin, 93
Purple, 17
Radiations, of flowering plants,
7
Radio waves, 13, 14
Raguso, Rob, 149, 151-154,
157-158, 182, 197-198
Rain forests, "13
Raspberry, 172
Ray flower, 4, 5 fig., 18
Red algae, 126
Red; bird pollinators and color,
20
Red clover, 28
Red light, 13, 140 17
Red root, 172
Redwood, 86, 136
Regulation, of hybrids,
162-163
Relationship, web of, 7
Repellant odor, 32-33, 34-35,
183-184
Reproduction
cues for, 104
odor release and success in,
29-30
pollen odor and, 30-32
sexual, 49-56, 185-186
vegetative, 55-56, 71, 74
Reptiles, 131
Resins, 31
Rhododendrons, 134
Rhythm, as universal theme, 7
Rifkin, Jeremy, 164, 199
Rockrose, 52
Rodents, 20
Romans, 35
Roots, 103, log, 192
Rosary, 35
Roses
blue, 159-160, 162, 164,
198- 199
double, 159-160, 198
odor of, 35
structure of, 42
The Rose's Kiss, 43
Rosy periwinkle. 171, 199
Russian Far East, mass
extinction in, 137
Sacred datura, 149, 150 fig., 175
Sacred lotus, 64, 161
Sage, 172
Saguaro, 3
Sandalwood, 110
Scarlet bugler, 118
Seed ferns, 131
Self-fertilization, 54-55, 56, 87
Self-incompatibility, 53-54, 56,
68
Self-organizing systems, as
universal theme, 7, 8-9
Self-pollination, 51-52, 53-55
Senses, of flowers, 9, 178, 191
Sepal, 39, 40 fig., 41
Sexes, in plants. 52-53
Sexual reproduction, 49-56,
185-186
advantages of, 50
pollen odor and, 30-32
Sexual strategies, 49-56
Seymour, Roger, 62, 64, 86-187
Shape, changes in, 41-43
Shrews, 20
Shroud of Turin, 100, 191
Silver City Museum, 85
Sixteenth International
Botanical Congress, 141,
142, 143, 147, 156-158, 194,
196
Skunk cabbage, 33, 64
Skyrocket (Ipomopsis aggregata),
11, 12, 18, 105, 109, 145 fig.
Snakebroom, 118
Song of Solomon, 32
Sorghum, 110
Sound, plants' response to, 9-10
Spadix, 57-58, 59 fig., 60-61,
62-63
Sparrows, 145
Speciation, 44-45
Species (taxon), 120
defined, 44
Spectrum, energy, 13
Sperm, 38
Spider mites, 77
Spurs, 41
Squirrels, 8
Stamen, 39, 40 fig., 41, 159
Star anise, 139
Starlings, 20
Static electricity, pollination
and, 96
Steroids, 31
Stigma, 3, 5 fig., 38, 40 fig., 97
Stinging nettle, 52
Stinking goosefoot, 33
Stoddart, Michael, 182
Storksbill, 172
Style, 38, 40 fig.
Sunflower
allelopathy in, 104, 110
as flower remedy, 173-174
mathematical patterns in, 8
parts of, 3-4
phototropism in, 9
phytoremediation and, 175,
200
taste and, 9
Swallowtail butterflies, 21
Sycamores, 136
Symmetry, as universal theme,
7
Symposia, 157
Taste, plants and, 9, 103
Taxol, 126
Taxon (taxa), 118
Taxonomy, 117-128, 193-194
binomial system of, 120-121
history of, 118-121
modem, 122-125
"Teaching a Stone to Talk," 2
Temperature, as bloom trigger,
104
Tepal, 41, 42
Tequila, 89
Terpene, 4
Terpenoids, 152
Tertiary period, 136, 138
Thermoregulation, 57-65,
186-187
Thistle, 109
Thorn apple (sacred datura),
149, 150 fig., 175
Thrips, 7, 19-20
Thunderstorms, plants' reaction
to, 103-104, 192
Tiger lilies, 161
Time, 81-82, 89-90, 189-190
Time of day, odor release and,
28-29
Tobacco, 110
Tomatoes, 95, 108, 156
Touch, flowers and, 9
Touch-me-not, 118
Toxic metals, phytoremediation
and, 174-175
Tree of life, 125-127
Tucson Desert Museum, 153,
156
Tulips, 104
Tulip trees, 136
Tyrannosaurus rex, 135-136
Ultraviolet light, 13, 14, 17, 19
Umbellifers, 112
Universal themes, 6-7
Unpredictability, as universal
theme, 7
Urinary smells, 31, 33
Variation, in fig plants, 7
Vegetative reproduction, 55-56,
71, 74
Venus's-flytrap, 9
Viceroy butterflies, 114
Violet light, 13
Violet-blue light, 16
Violets, 54, 162, 173
Visible spectrum, 13, 14,
178
Volatiles, 27, 31
Voodoo lily, 63
Wahlenbergia saxicola, 118
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 113, 114,
193
Waser, Nickolas, 180-181, 182,
185, 189
Wasps, 20, 106
Water lily, 75-76, 87, 123, 139,
146, 189
Weedy species, 146
Weevils, 133
White, 18
White flowers, 15, 20, 179, 180
White-lined sphinx moth,
85-86, 151, 154
Widow's tears, 163-164
Wild chestnut, 173
Wildflowers, 87, 88
Wild ginger, 76
Willow, 52, 106
Wind pollination, 8, 91-93
Witch hazel, 118
Witchweed, 110
Wormwood, 172
X-rays, 13, 14
Yarrow, 99, 172.
Yeasts, 12.6
Yellow flowers, 17, 21
Yellow light, 13
Yucatan Peninsula, mass
extinction on, 137
Yucca, 67-70, 171, 188
flower, 69 fig.
Yucca moth, 67-70, 188
Zinnias, 88
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