|
CHRONOLOGY OF LIFE AND WORKS
|
1852 |
Born Reus (?),
June 25.
[104] |
|
1867-68 |
Illustrations for
a handwritten school magazine El Arlequin (Reus). No copies
seem to have survived.
[105] |
|
1869-70 |
Illustrations for
a project for the restoration of the monastery of Poblet.
[106] |
| 1874-78 |
Attended the
Escuela Superior de Arquitectura of Barcelona.
[107]
A number of his student projects are listed and illustrated in Rafols
1929, pp. 14-19, 267, but these appear to have been lost in the
destruction of Gaudi's workshop in 1936. Little information survives
about a series of writings on the esthetics of architecture which he
composed between 1876-78.
[107a] |
| 1870s |
Collaboration with
the architects Juan Martorell and Emilio Sala of Barcelona. |
| 1875?-77 |
Collaboration as a
student with the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar y Lozano in
construction of the camarin of the Virgin in the Monastery of
Montserrat.
[21]
Illustrated in Rafols 1929, p. 13. The camarin, a peculiarly
Spanish type of lady chapel here contains the ancient image of the
Virgin of Montserrat. |
| 1876 |
Collaboration as a
student with the engineer Jose Serramalera in various projects
(disappeared) and drafting for the firm Padros i Borras (industrial
machinery). |
| 1877-82 |
Works, mainly in
collaboration with the maestro de obras Jose Fontsere, in and
about the Parque de la Ciudadela of Barcelona.
[22]
These include the monumental cascade, 1877-82 (plate
9), the balustrade surrounding the monument to Aribau, 1878,
(illustrated in Rafols 1929, p. 13), decorations of the Salon de San
Juan, (fig. 10),
and some details on the entrance gates of the park. |
| 1878 |
Own writing desk.
Preparatory drawing and photograph in Rafols 1929, p. 225. |
| 1878 |
Final examinations
(January 4) and title as architect (March 15). |
| 1878 |
Won municipal
competition for design of street lights that are now in the Plaza Real
of Barcelona. Illustrated in Rafols 1929, p. 22. |
| 1878 |
Furniture for Juan
Martorell's pantheon-chapel for the first Marques of Comillas in
Comillas near Santander (plate
96,
plate
97,
plate
98
and
plate 99).
[27] |
| 1878 |
Design for Church
Monstrance. Drawing is in Municipal Museum of Reus (fig.
11). |
| 1878 |
Glass show case
for the glove-maker Esteban Comella at the Paris Exposition. A tiny
drawing for this on the back of his business card still exists in the
Municipal Museum of Reus. Illustrated in Rafols, 1929, p. 22. |
| 1878-80 |
House of Manuel
Vicens, now 24-26 calle de las Carolinas, Barcelona (plate
10,
plate 11,
plate 12).
The original condition of the house is illustrated in Rafols 1929, pp.
27-36, and in Bergos 1954, p. 69. The house, grounds, and enclosing
fence were greatly enlarged and modified in 1925-26 by the architect
J. B. de Serra Martinez, a friend of Gaudi working under Gaudi's
instructions. De Serra's work received the annual prize of the
Ayuntamiento. |
|
1878-82 |
Constructed a
machinery shed (fig.
1) and kiosk (fig.
12) and designed workers' housing and other buildings for the
textile cooperative "La Obrera Mataronense" in Mataro, NE of
Barcelona.
[9] |
| 1879 |
Drawings for an
allegorical cavalcade in Vallfogona de Riucorp (east of Lerida).
These drawings, partly illustrated in Rafols 1929, p. 20, are today in
the Municipal Museum of Reus. |
| 1880 |
Street lights for
the Paseo Nacional on the Barceloneta waterfront in Barcelona.
Similar to those of the Plaza Real, only two seem to have survived, at
the entrance of the Paseo. |
| 1880 |
Collaborated with
the engineer Serramalera in a project for the electric illumination of
the Muralla de Mar waterfront of Barcelona, which was not carried
out. Illustrated in Rafols 1929, pp. 14-16. |
| 1880-82 |
Altar and benches
for the chapel of the Colegio de Jesus-Maria, calle Mendez-Nunez,
Tarragona. Seem to have disappeared. Illustrated in Rafols 1929, p.
37. |
|
1882 |
Entered into the
dispute over the completion of the facade of the Cathedral of
Barcelona, making a rendering of Juan Martorell's (unsuccessful)
project that has been variously published.
[108] See
fig. 25. |
| 1882 |
Project
(unexecuted) for a hunting pavilion for Eusebio Guell at Garraf (SW of
Barcelona). Illustrated in Rafols 1929, p. 26. |
| 1883-85 |
Summer house for
Maximo Diaz de Quijano, son-in-law of the first Marques of Comillas at
Comillas near Santander (plate
1,
plate 13,
plate 14).
Work was actually supervised by architect Cristobal Cascante.
[33] |
| 1883 |
Project for an
altar at Alella, NE of Barcelona (plate
15). |
| 1884 |
Undertook works of
the Expiatory Church of the Holy Family in Barcelona, succeeding
Francisco de Paula del Villar y Lozano.
[109]The
chronology of the works of this, his major building, is as follows:
|
| 1875 |
Original project,
a replica of Loreto in Italy. No architect engaged. |
| 1882 |
Simple neo-Gothic
designs by del Villar, the diocesan architect (fig.
2a,
fig. 2b).
[37] |
| 1882-91 |
Construction of
crypt, which it appears was vaulted by 1887. |
|
1884 |
Gaudi's project
for chapel of S. Jose in the crypt (fig.
14). Mass was celebrated here from 19 March 1885, before the
crypt was vaulted. |
| 1887-93 |
Apse walls and
finials constructed. |
| 1891-1903 |
Portals and
structures adjoining the Nativity transept facade erected (plate
16,
plate 17,
plate 19). |
| 1903-30 |
Work on towers of
Nativity transept. A successful carillon test was made in 1915;
masonry work of the first tower was completed in April 1918; the first
spire was entirely finished in December 1926, the others following in
1927, 1929, and 1930 (plate
7,
plate 16,
plate 18).
Plans for the lantern of the
crossing were completed about 1910, for the Chapel of the Assumption
and for the main (Gloria) facade about 1916, for the other (Passion)
transept about 1917 (plate
20). None have been carried out. [80]
Preparatory drawings for these and other elements of the church
are illustrated in Rafols 1929 and Puig Boada S.F. 1952. |
| 1885 |
Altar of the
private oratory of house of Jose M. Bocabella, 31 calle Ausias March,
Barcelona. Dismantled in 1936. Illustrated in Rafols 1929, p. 41. |
| 1885-89 |
"Palacio Guell," a
mansion for Eusebio Guell y Bacigalupi, 3 & 5 calle Conde de Asalto,
Barcelona (plate
27,
plate
28,
plate
29,
plate
30,
plate
31,
plate
32,
plate
33,
plate
34,
plate
35,
plate
36,
plate
37,
plate
38,
plate
100,
plate 101,
plate 102).
Ceded to the city in 1945, the building has served as headquarters of
the Amigos de Gaudi since 1952, and also as Museum of the Theatre
since 1954. |
| 1887 |
Work on the Guell
estate, "Finca Guell," in Las Corts de Sarria, a suburb of Barcelona.
This included construction of the extant gatehouse and stables on the
Avenida de la Victoria (plate
2,
plate 39,
plate 40);
modifications to the main house, which were later lost when it was
converted into a Royal Palace (a roof terrace of this is illustrated
in Rafols 1929, p. 25); construction of walls and another entrance
gate which were later destroyed (illustrated in Rafols 1929, pp.
52-53).
[34] |
| 1887 |
Trip to Andalusia
and Morocco with Second Marques of Comillas. |
| 1887-93 |
Work on the
Episcopal Palace in Astorga for Bishop Juan Bautista Grau. This
stopped and Gaudi's designs were abandoned with death of the Bishop in
1893. In 1905 work was resumed by architect Luis de Guereta, who
finally roofed [the] building in 1907. Interior is still under
construction (fig.
3,
plate
41,
plate
42,
plate
43).
[48] |
| 1888 |
Pavilion of the
Compania Trasatlantica (for the Marques of Comillas) in the Exposicion
Universal in Barcelona. Illustrated in Rafols 1952, p. 16. |
|
1889-94 |
Colegio de Santa
Teresa de Jesus, 41 calle Ganduxer, Barcelona, for Enrique de Osso,
founder of the Order (plate
45,
plate 46,
plate 47,
plate 48,
plate 49,
plate 50). |
| 1891-94 |
"Casa de los
Botines," a business and apartment building constructed on the Plaza
de San Marcelo, Leon, for the partners Jose and Aquilino Fernandez Riu
and Mariano Andres Luna (fig.
4,
plate 51,
plate 52,
plate 53)
[110]
Its popular name derives from the founder of their firm, Juan Hons y
Botines. In 1954-55 its lower floors were modified by the bank which
has owned it for thirty years. |
| 1892-93 |
Project for a
Spanish Franciscan mission in Tangier, designed on commission for the
Marques of Comillas (plate
44).
[35]
Unexecuted. |
| 1898-1904 |
House for the sons
of Pedro Martir Calvet, 48 calle Caspe, Barcelona. Most of the work
had been finished in 1899 as the inscription on the cornice
indicates. In 1900 this building received the first annual prize of
the Ayuntamiento of Barcelona (plate
54,
plate 55,
plate 105,
plate 106,
plate 107)
[59] |
| 1898-1915 |
Work on the chapel
for the Colonia Guell (a textile workers' settlement) at Santa Coma de
Cervello (just west of Barcelona). Although planning began in 1898,
construction started only in October 1908, and Gaudi seems to have
relinquished the work to his assistant Francisco Berenguer in 1913.
The crypt, the only part to be finished, was inaugurated in November
1915 (fig.
9,
plate 5,
plate 56,
plate 57,
plate 58,
plate 59,
plate 60,
plate 61,
plate 62,
plate 63).
Berenguer constructed a number of other buildings throughout the
community.
[78] |
| c. 1900 |
Banner for the
choral society of San Feliu de Codines, north of Barcelona (fig.
15). This was first mentioned in Destino (Barcelona), 28
Oct. 1950. |
| 1900 |
Designs for
modification of the exterior of the Sanctuary of the Misericordia of
Reus. The drawings are in the Municipal Museum of Reus (fig.
16). |
| 1900-1902 |
"Bell Esguard," a
villa for the Figueras family in the Barcelona suburb of Bonanova,
constructed on the ruins of the ancient country house of King Martin
I, "el Humano" of Aragon (plate
4,
plate 64,
plate 65).
[50]
Some of the decoration of the entrance was done by Gaudi's
assistant Domingo Sugranes. |
| 1900-14 |
"Park" Guell, a
garden suburb laid out for Eusebio Guell on the slopes of Montana
Pelada (Monte Carmelo) above the center of Barcelona (fig.
5,
plate 3,
plate 66,
plate 67,
plate 68,
plate 69,
plate 70,
plate 71.
Unsuccessful as a housing development, it has for many years been a
municipal park. Gaudi lived there from 1906 until shortly before his
death in 1926. His own structural drawings for the inclined piers of
the Park viaducts are illustrated in Rafols 1929, pp. 152-53. |
| 1901-02 |
Wall and gate of
the finca (estate) of Hermenegildo Miralles on the Paseo de
Manuel Girona in Las Corts de Sarria suburb of Barcelona. The
Miralles house and all decorative details except the wall and gate
were executed by his assistant Sugranes (plate
72,
plate
73). |
|
1904 |
House plans for
Luis Graner, 40 calle nueva de Santa Eulalia, Barcelona. Only the
fence and foundations were begun, and they have disappeared. His
sketches are in Rafols 1929, pp. 171-72. A bridge over the adjacent
Pomeret gully was to have been constructed with inclined supports like
the Park Guell viaducts. The drawings for it were lost in Gaudi's
workshop in 1936. |
| 1904 |
Project for the
Primer Misterio Glorioso of the Rosary groups on the mountain at
Montserrat. Gaudi's drawing for this survives only in a poor
newspaper photograph of uncertain date. (fig.
17) Only one sculpture was carried out under Gaudi's direction.
His work there is described in Templo XCI (Feb. 1956). |
| 1904-14 |
Interior reform of
the Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca.
[73]
Unfinished. The type of change made by Gaudi in order to restore the
interior to its original medieval condition and to make possible a
more open, modern liturgy includes the following: Moved choir and its
accompanying furniture from the nave to the sanctuary; freed altar by
removing various retablo elements to side walls of the
building; replaced episcopal chair in full view of congregation;
designed a hanging baldachin of iron and a series of iron lighting
fixtures, hanging and attached, throughout the interior; opened
windows that had been blocked and designed stained glass for them;
[111]
designed a number of sculptures and relocated others; prepared
models for the royal tombs (fig.
18). |
| 1905? |
Pulpits for the
parochial church in Blanes (near Gerona) (plate
74).
[112] |
| 1905-07 |
Remodeling of
building at 43 Paseo de Gracia, Barcelona, for the Batllo family.
Popularly called "Casa de los huesos." All exterior surfaces were
redesigned: front and rear facades, roof and light well. However,
the only interiors which he seems to have decorated were the ground
floor, principal floor, and attic (plate
8,
plate 75,
plate 76,
plate 77,
plate 78,
plate 79,
plate 80,
plate 81,
plate 82,
plate 83,
plate 84,
plate 85,
plate 104). |
| 1905-10 |
Building for Dona
Rosario Segimon de Mila (called "La Pedrera") at 92 Paseo de Gracia
(corner of calle Provenza). Although demolition work began in 1905,
Gaudi's plans were not ready until February of 1906. These plans bore
only the vaguest relation to the final appearance of the building (cf.
plate 86,
plate 87).
Construction proceeded slowly owing to many changes in plan and
infractions of the building code. Following a dispute with the
proprietor in 1909, Gaudi seems to have left the termination of the
work, i.e., interior and exterior decoration, to his assistant Jose M.
Jujol. A number of Gaudi's ideas, such as the Madonna statue on the
roof and the tiling of the patio walls, were not carried out. The
patio walls were painted in imitation of tapestries under the
direction of Alejo Clapes (fig.
6,
fig.
7a,
fig.
7b;
Plate 6,
plate 86,
plate 87,
plate 88,
plate 89,
plate 90,
plate 91,
plate 92,
plate 93,
plate 94).
In 1954 the garret was made
into a series of modern duplex apartments by the architect F. J. Barba
Corsini, and a number of smaller chimneys were added to the group on
the roof. This modification is illustrated in Cuadernos de
Arquitectura no. 22 (1955). Measured drawings of three of Gaudi's
floors were published in Cuadernos no. 26 (1956). |
| 1908 |
Various projects
for restoration of the Barrio Gotico of Barcelona. These were
sketched in on photographs and postcards. Of a monument to Jaime el
Conquistador he seems to have executed only some painted phrases on
old walls in the calle Tapineria (fig.
19).
[113] |
| 1909 |
School building of
the Sagrada Familia (fig.
8,
plate 95).
[76] |
|
1910 |
Exhibition of
models, photographs and drawings of Gaudi's work in the Societe
Nationale des Beaux-Arts, Paris. This was the most important
exhibition of his work during his lifetime.
[114] |
| c. 1910 |
Gaudi begins to
withdraw from all commissions except the Church of the Sagrada Famlia
(see chronology of his subsequent works there under "1884").
[13] |
| 1922 |
Congreso de
Arquitectos de Espana (Madrid) adopts a motion praising the architect
Gaudi. |
| 1926 |
June 7: Gaudi is
struck by a trolley car near the Plaza de Tetuan while on his way from
Sagrada Familia to worship at the church of S. Felipe Neri in the old
quarter of Barcelona. |
|
1926 |
June 10: Gaudi
dies in the Hospital of Santa Cruz. He was buried on the 12th in the
crypt of the Sagrada Famlia. |
Posthumous Honors,
Expositions, etc:
| 1926 |
(December)
Memorial lectures on Gaudi and his work in the Cercle Artistic de Sant
Lluc, and in the Escuelas de la Sagrada Familia of Barcelona. |
|
1927 |
(June) Memorial
exhibition of photographs and models of Gaudi's work in the Sala pares
of Barcelona.
[115] |
| 1952 |
Centenary
celebration of Gaudi's birth. |
| 1952 |
(January) The
"Amigos de Gaudi" founded as a section of the old Cercle Artistic de
Sant Lluc. |
| 1952 |
(September) The
City of Barcelona declares all Gaudi's buildings classified as
historical monuments. |
|
1952-53 |
International
photographic and essay competitions on Gaudi held by the "Amigos de
Gaudi." Essay prize awarded to Dr. Nikolaus Pevsner of England.
[116] |
| 1953 |
(March) Acts in
honor of Gaudi by the Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Cataluna y
Baleares. |
| 1956 |
(January) Chair of
Architecture "Antoni Gaudi" created in the Escuela Superior de
Arquitectura of the Universidad de Barcelona. |
| 1956 |
(June) Exhibition
of photographs, models, furniture and metalwork of Gaudi in the Salon
del Tinell in Barcelona, organized by "Amigos de Gaudi." |
| 1957 |
(December)
Exhibitions of Gaudi's work open simultaneously in an architectural
studio in Milan and in the Museum of Modern Art of New York. |
| 1959 |
Spanish government
sends Gaudi display to the Fifth International Biennial Exhibition in
Sao Paolo, Brazil. |
The following works
of Gaudi, some of them important, have disappeared, leaving no traces or
photographs to indicate their character:
| 1878 |
Announcing
apparatus, Mataro |
| 1879 |
Farmacia Gibert,
Barcelona |
| 1879-81 |
Works in Colegio
de Jesus-Maria, San Andres de Palomar (Barcelona) |
| 1884 |
Banner for "La
Obrera Mataronense," Mataro |
| 1887 |
Pavilion of
Compania Trasatlantica in Cadiz Exposition |
| 1900 |
Pilgrimage Banner,
Reus (preparatory sketch of a detail illustrated in Rafols 1929, p.
72). |
| 1901-02 |
Alterations to
Castelldosrius houses, Barcelona |
| 1904 |
Cinema Sala Merce,
Barcelona |
The following works
or projects, vaguely referred to by Rafols and others, have not survived
in illustrations:
| no date |
Studies for a
mirador (look-out balcony) at Montserrat |
| no date |
Elements of a
chapel at Vallgorguina (NE of Barcelona) |
| no date |
Suggestions for a
railroad station for Barcelona |
| no date |
Altar at Cervera
(west of Barcelona) |
| no date |
Studies for a
funerary chapel |
| no date |
Furniture for own
house (including dining table of 1885) |
| no date |
Designs for
decorations in relief to be manufactured by Casa Miralles of
Barcelona, some being used in the former Restaurant Torino, Barcelona,
of 1902. |
| no date |
Chasuble of
metal-thread and pearls for Padre Juan Roquet-Jalmar y Oms of Gerona |
| 1877 |
Drawings entered
in competition sponsored by Ateneo Barcelones |
| 1878 |
Project for a
flower stand |
| 1880-81 |
Drawings entered
in competition for San Sebastian casino |
| 1882 |
Projected church
in Villaricos (Almeria) |
| 1884 |
Projected altar in
Tarragona |
| 1887 |
Projected reform
of Salon de Ciento, Barcelona |
| 1893 |
Catafalque for
funeral of Bishop Grau of Astorga |
| 1895 |
Projected tomb for
Guell family at Montserrat |
| 1900 |
Remembrance of his
first mass for Mosen Norberto Font y Sague (some studies for this, in
Reus Museum, are illustrated in Rafols 1929, p. 140) |
| 1908-10 |
Projected chapel
for Colegio de Santa Teresa de Jesus in Barcelona (see chronology
1889-94). |
| 1922 |
Offer of a shrine
to the church of the Virgin in Rancagua, Chile.
[117] |
| 1923 |
Studies for chapel
and schools for the Colonia Calvet in Torello (north of Vich) |
| 1924 |
Pulpit for
Valencia |
Also Rafols (1929, p.
271) lists works by assistants in which Gaudi intervened and Cirici
Modernista (pp. 203-4) illustrates his effect on Juan Busquets'
furniture.
[118]
(From "Antonio
Gaudi," by George R. Collins, George Braziller, Inc., New York, 1960)
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