The underlying mechanisms by which capitalists hijack popular revolutions has been outlined in William I. Robinson's seminal book, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony (1996), which examines elite interventions in four countries - Chile, Nicaragua, the Philippines, and Haiti.[3] Robinson hypothesized that as a result of the public backlash (in the 1970s) against the US government's repressive and covert foreign policies, foreign policy making elites elected to put a greater emphasis on overt means of overthrowing 'problematic' governments through the strategic manipulation of civil society. In 1984, this 'democratic' thinking was institutionalised with the creation of the National Endowment for Democracy, an organisation that acts as the coordinating body for better funded 'democracy promoting' organisations like US Agency for International Development and the Central Intelligence Agency. Robinson observes that:
"...the
understanding on the part of US policymakers that
power ultimately rests in civil society, and that
state power is intimately linked to a given
correlation of forces in civil society, has helped
shape the contours of the new political
intervention. Unlike earlier
Thus it is
not too surprising that Robinson should conclude
that the primary goal of 'democracy promoting'
groups, like the NED, is the promotion of polyarchy
or low-intensity democracy over more substantive
forms of democratic governance.[5]
Here it is useful to turn to Barry Gills, Joen
Rocamora, and Richard Wilson's (1993) work which
provides a useful description of low-intensity
democracy, they observe that:
"Low Intensity Democracy is designed to promote stability. However, it is usually accompanied by neoliberal economic policies to restore economic growth. This usually accentuates economic hardship for the less privileged and deepens the short-term structural effects of economic crisis as the economy opens further to the competitive winds of the world market and global capital. The pains of economic adjustment are supposed to be temporary, preparing the society to proceed to a higher stage of development. The temporary economic suffering of the majority is further supposed to be balanced by the benefits of a freer democratic political culture. But unfortunately for them, the poor and dispossessed cannot eat votes! In such circumstances, Low Intensity Democracy may 'work' in the short term, primarily as a strategy to reduce political tension, but is fragile in the long term, due to its inability to redress fundamental political and economic problems."[6]
So while capitalists appear happy to fund the neoliberal 'revolution', or geostrategic revolutions that promote low-intensity democracy, the one revolution that capitalists will not bankroll will be the revolution at home, that is, here in our Western (low-intensity) democracies: a point that is forcefully argued in INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence's (2007) book The Revolution Will Not Be Funded. Of course, liberal-minded capitalists do support efforts to 'depose' radical neoconservatives, as demonstrated by liberal attempts to oust Bush's regime by the Soros-backed Americans Coming Together coalition.[7] But as in NED-backed strategic 'revolutions,' the results of such campaigns are only ever likely to promote low-intensity democracy, thereby ensuring the replacement of one (business-led) elite with another one (in the US's case with the Democrats).
So the
question remains: can progressive activists work
towards creating a more equitable (and
participatory) world using funding derived from
those very groups within society that stand to lose
most from such revolutionary changes? The obvious
answer to this question is no. Yet, if this is the
case, why are so many progressive (sometimes even
radical) groups accepting funding from major liberal
foundations (which, after all, were created by some
of
Several reasons may help explain this contradictory situation. Firstly, it is well known that progressive groups are often underfunded, and their staff overworked, thus there is every likelihood that many groups and activists that receive support from liberal foundations have never even considered the problems associated with such funding.[8] If this is the case then hopefully their exposure to the arguments presented in this article will help more activists begin to rethink their unhealthy relations with their funders'.
On the other hand, it seems likely that many progressive groups understand that the broader goals and aspirations of liberal foundations are incompatible with their own more radical visions for the future; yet, despite recognizing this dissonance between their ambitions, it would seem that many progressive organizations believe that they can beat the foundations at their own game and trick them into funding projects that will promote a truly progressive social change. Here it is interesting to note that paradoxically some radical groups do in fact receive funding from liberal foundations. And like those progressive groups that attempt to trick the foundations, many of these groups argue that will take money from anyone willing to give it so long as it comes with no strings attached. These final two positions are held by numerous activist organizations, and are also highly problematic. This is case because if we can agree that it is unlikely that liberal foundations will fund the much needed societal changes that will bring about their own demise, why do they continue funding such progressive activists?
Despite the monumental importance of this question to progressive activists worldwide, judging by the number of articles dealing with it in the alternative media very little importance appears to have been attached to discussing this question and investigating means of cultivating funding sources that are geared towards the promotion of radical social change. Fortunately though, in addition to INCITE!'s aforementioned book, which has helped break the unstated taboo surrounding the discussion of activist funding, another critical exception was provided in the June 2007 edition of the academic journal Critical Sociology. The editors of this path breaking issue of Critical Sociology don't beat around that bush and point out that:
"The critical study of foundations is not a subfield in any academic discipline; it is not even an organized interdisciplinary grouping. This, along with concerns about personal defunding, limits its output, especially as compared to that of the many well-endowed centers for the uncritical study of foundations."[9]
Despite the dearth of critical inquiry into the historical influence of liberal foundations on the evolution of democracy, in the past few years a handful of books have endeavoured to provide a critical overview of the insidious anti-radicalising activities of liberal philanthropists. Thus the rest of this article will provide a brief review of some of this important work, however, before doing this I will briefly outline what I mean by progressive social change (that is, the type of social change that liberal foundations are loathe to fund).
Why
Progressive Social Change?
With
the growth of popular progressive social movements
during the 1960s in the
"Democracy
requires more than mere maintenance of formal
'liberties'. [In fact, they argue that t]he only way
to advance democracy in the
In
essence, one of the most important steps activists
can take to help bring about truly progressive
social change is to encourage the development of a
politically active citizenry - that is, a public
that participates in democratic processes, but not
necessarily those promoted by the government.
Furthermore, it is also vitally important that
groups promoting more participatory forms of
democracy do so in a manner consistent with the
participatory principles they believe in. (For a
major critique of 'progressive' activism in the US
see Dana Fisher's (2006)
Activism, Inc.:
How the Outsourcing of Grassroots Campaigns Is
Strangling Progressive Politics in America.
Similarly, also see my recent article
Hijacking Human
Rights: A Critical Examination of Human Rights
Watch's
Michael Albert is an influential theorist of progressive politics, and he has written at (inspiring) length about transitionary strategies for promoting participatory democracy in both his classic book Parecon: Life After Capitalism (2003), and more recently in Realizing Hope: Life Beyond Capitalism (2006). Simply put, Albert (2006) observes that: "A truly democratic community insures that the general public has the opportunity for meaningful and constructive participation in the formation of social policy." However, there is no single answer to determining the best way of creating a participatory society, and so he rightly notes that Parecon (which is short for participatory economics) "doesn't itself answer visionary questions bearing on race, gender, polity, and other social concerns, [but] it is at least compatible with and even, in some cases, perhaps necessary for, doing so."[13]
Finally, I would argue that in order to move towards a new participatory world order it is vitally important that progressive activists engage in radical critiques of society. Undertaking such radical actions may be problematic for some activists, because unfortunately the word radical is often used by the corporate media as a derogatory term for all manner of activists (whether they are radical or not). Yet this hijacking of the term perhaps makes it an even more crucial take that progressives work to reclaim this word as their own, so they can inject it back into their own work and analyses. Indeed, Robert Jensen's (2004) excellent book Writing Dissent: Taking Radical Ideas from the Margins to the Mainstream reminds us that:
"...the origins of the word - radical, [comes] from the Latin radicalis, meaning 'root.' Radical analysis goes to the root of an issue or problem. Typically that means that while challenging the specific manifestations of a problem, radicals also analyse the ideological and institutional components as well as challenge the unstated assumptions and conventional wisdom that obscure the deeper roots. Often it means realizing that what is taken as an aberration or deviation from a system is actually the predictable and/or intended result of a system."[14]
The
Liberal Foundations of Social Change
Now that I have briefly outlined why progressive social change is so important, it is useful to examine why liberal philanthropy - which has been institutionalised within liberal foundations - arose in the first place. Here it is useful to quote Nicolas Guilhot (2007) who neatly outlines the ideological reasons lying behind liberal philanthropy. He observes that in the face of the violent labor wars of the late 19th century that "directly threatened the economic interests of the philanthropists", liberal philanthropists realized:
"... that social reform was unavoidable, [and instead] chose to invest in the definition and scientific treatment of the 'social questions' of their time: urbanization, education, housing, public hygiene, the "Negro problem," etc. Far from being resistant to social change, the philanthropists promoted reformist solutions that did not threaten the capitalistic nature of the social order but constituted a 'private alternative to socialism'"[15]
Andrea Smith (2007) notes that:
"From their
inception, [liberal] foundations focused on research
and dissemination of information designed ostensibly
to ameliorate social issues-in a manner, however,
that did not challenge capitalism. For instance, in
1913,
Writing in 1966, Carroll Quigley - who happened to be one of Bill Clinton's mentors - [17] elaborates on the motivations driving the philanthropic colonisation of progressive social change:
"More than
fifty years ago [circa 1914] the Morgan firm decided
to infiltrate the Left-wing political movements in
the
One of the most important books exploring the detrimental influence of liberal foundations on social change was Robert Arnove's Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism (1980). In the introduction to this edited collection Arnove notes that:
"A central
thesis [of this book] is that foundations like
Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford have a corrosive
influence on a democratic society; they represent
relatively unregulated and unaccountable
concentrations of power and wealth which buy talent,
promote causes, and, in effect, establish an agenda
of what merits society's attention. They serve as
'cooling-out' agencies, delaying and preventing more
radical, structural change. They help maintain an
economic and political order, international in
scope, which benefits the ruling-class interests of
philanthropists and philanthropoids - a system
which, as the various chapters document, has worked
against the interests of minorities, the working
class, and
With the aid of Nadine Pinede, Arnove (2007) recently updated this critique noting that, while the Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford foundations' "are considered to be among the most progressive in the sense of being forward looking and reform-minded", they are also "among the most controversial and influential of all the foundations".[20] Indeed, as Edward H. Berman demonstrated in his book The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy: The Ideology of Philanthropy (1983), the activities of all three of these foundations are closely entwined with those of US foreign policy elites. This subject has also been covered in some depth in Frances Stonor Saunders (1999) book Who Paid the Piper?: CIA and the Cultural Cold War. She notes that:
"During the
height of the Cold War, the
So given the elitist history of liberal foundations it is not surprising that Arnove and Pinede (2007) note that although the Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford foundations' "claim to attack the root causes of the ills of humanity, they essentially engage in ameliorative practices to maintain social and economic systems that generate the very inequalities and injustices they wish to correct."[22] Indeed they conclude that although the past few decades these foundations have adopted a "more progressive, if not radical, rhetoric and approaches to community building" that gives a "voice to those who have been disadvantaged by the workings of an increasingly global capitalist economy, they remain ultimately elitist and technocratic institutions."[23]
Based on the knowledge of these critiques, it is then supremely ironic that progressive activists tend to underestimate the influence of liberal philanthropists, while simultaneously acknowledging the fundamental role played by conservative philanthropists in promoting neoliberal policies. Indeed, contrary to popular beliefs amongst progressives, much evidence supports the contention that liberal philanthropists and their foundations have been very influential in shaping the contours of American (and global) civil society, actively influencing social change through a process alternatively referred to as either channelling [24] or co-option.[25]
"Co-optation [being] a process through which the policy orientations of leaders are influenced and their organizational activities channeled. It blends the leader's interests with those of an external organization. In the process, ethnic leaders and their organizations become active in the state-run interorganizational system; they become participants in the decision-making process as advisors or committee members. By becoming somewhat of an insider the co-opted leader is likely to identify with the organization and its objectives. The leader's point of view is shaped through the personal ties formed with authorities and functionaries of the external organization."[26]
The critical issue of the cooption of progressive groups by liberal foundations has also been examined in Joan Roelofs seminal book Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism (extracts of this book can be found online, click here). In summary, Roelofs (2007) argues that:
"...the pluralist model of civil society obscures the extensive collaboration among the resource-providing elites and the dependent state of most grassroots organizations. While the latter may negotiate with foundations over details, and even win some concessions, capitalist hegemony (including its imperial perquisites) cannot be questioned without severe organizational penalties. By and large, it is the funders who are calling the tune. This would be more obvious if there were sufficient publicized investigations of this vast and important domain. That the subject is 'off-limits' for both academics and journalists is compelling evidence of enormous power."[27] (To listen to Roelofs' recent talk 'The Invisible Hand of Corporate Capitalism', which summarises the arguments presented in her book, click here. )
The 1960s civil rights movement was the first documented social movement that received substantial financial backing from philanthropic foundations.[28] As might be expected, liberal foundation support went almost entirely to moderate professional movement organizations like, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and their Legal Defense and Education Fund, the Urban League, and foundations also helped launch President Kennedy's Voter Education Project.[29] In the last case, foundation support for the Voter Education Project was arranged by the Kennedy administration, who wanted to dissipate black support of sit-in protests while simultaneously obtaining the votes of more African-Americans, a constituency that helped Kennedy win the 1960 election.[30]
One example of the type of indirect pressure facing social movements reliant on foundation support can be seen by examining Martin Luther King, Jr.'s activities as his campaigning became more controversial in the years just prior to his assassination. On 18 February 1967, King held a strategy meeting where he said he wanted to take a more active stance in opposing the Vietnam War: noting that he was willing to break with the Johnson administration even if the Southern Christian Leadership Conference lost some financial support (despite it already being in a weak financial position, with contributions some 40 percent less than the previous year). In this case, it seems, King was referring to the potential loss of foundation support as, after his first speech against the war a week later (on 25 February), he again voiced his concerns that his new position would jeopardize an important Ford Foundation grant.[31]
Thus, by providing selective support of activist groups during the 1960s, liberal foundations promoted such groups' independence from their unpaid constituents working in the grassroots, facilitating movement professionalization and institutionalization. This allowed foundations "to direct dissent into legitimate channels and limit goals to ameliorative rather than radical change"[32] , in the process promoting a "narrowing and taming of the potential for broad dissent".[33] Herbert Haines (1988) supports this point and argues that the increasing militancy of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and the Congress for Racial Equality meant most foundation funding was directed to groups who expressed themselves through more moderate actions.[34] He referred to this as the "radical flank effect" - a process which described the way in which funding increased for nonmilitant or moderate groups (reliant on institutional tactics) as confrontational direct action protests increased.[35] As Jack Walker (1983) concludes, in his study of the influence of foundations on interest groups, the reasoning behind such an interventionist strategy is simple. He argues that "[f]oundation officials believed that the long run stability of the representative policy making system could be assured only if legitimate organizational channels could be provided for the frustration and anger being expressed in protests and outbreaks of political violence."[36]
From
Apartheid to 'Democracy' and
Onwards
Moving to
"In the case of
Roelofs (2003) also point out that in addition to coopting social movements, foundations have played an important role in promoting "identity politics" which has served to promote fragmentation between similarly minded radical social movements.[38] Madonna Thunder Hawk (2007) also critiques the narrow scope of most activists work:
"Previously, organizers would lay down their issue when necessary and support another issue. Now, most organizers are very specialized, and cannot do anything unless they have a budget first. More, foundations will often expect organizations to be very specialized and won't fund work that is outside their funding priorities. This reality can limit an organization's ability to be creative and flexible as things change in our society."[39]
Stephanie Guilloud and William Cordery (2007) support such ideas, and suggest that activist:
"... work becomes compartmentalized products, desired or undesired by the foundation market, rated by trends or political relationships rather than depth of work. How often do we hear that 'youth work is hot right now'? Funders determine funding trends, and non-profits develop programs to bend to these requests rather than assess real needs and realistic goals. If we change our 'product' to meet foundation mandates, our organizations might receive additional funding and fiscal security. But more often than not, we have also compromised our vision and betrayed the communities that built us to address specific needs, concerns, and perspectives." [40]
Likewise, Ana Clarissa Rojas Durazo (2007) launches a similar broadside against multiculturalism, arguing that:
"The existence of 'special' and 'non-white' programs emerges from the logic of the liberalist project of multiculturalism. While there are clear racial hierarchies structured into organizations, these programs are developed under a multiculturalist model that renders race marginal by heralding the primacy of culture... While culturally specific services and programs might appear to address the injuries of racism, this organizational strategy actually displaces race from the broader analysis effectively ignoring the power structure of white supremacy and the structured subjugation of people of color, which effects countless forms of violence against women. By adding a program ostensibly designed to serve the needs of a given community of color, the larger organization avoids direct accountability to that community. In other words, the organization's own white supremacy remains intact and fundamentally unchallenged, as are the countless forms of violence against women perpetuated by racism."[41]
...
"Thus, 'culturally competent' and/or multicultural organizational structures collude with white supremacy and violence against women of color, namely because this logic enables organizations to dismiss the centrality of racism in all institutions and organizations in the United States."[42]
World
Social Forum: Funders' Call the
Tune
As a result of the lack of critical inquiry in to the influence of liberal philanthropy on progressive organizations, liberal foundations have quietly insinuated their way into the heart of the global social justice movement, having played a key role in founding the World Social Forum (WSF). Furthermore, it is not surprising that, when critiques of the WSF are made, they tend to be met with a resounding silence by progressive activists and their media (most of which have been founded and funded by liberal foundations, see later).[43]
The Research Unit for Political Economy (2007) astutely observes, the WSF "constitutes an important intervention by foundations in social movements internationally" because (1) many of the NGO's attending the WSF obtain state and/or foundation funding, and (2) "the WSF's material base - the funding for its activity - is heavily dependent on foundations."[44] It is perhaps stating the obvious to note that more attention should be paid to such important critiques; however, if further critical investigations then determined that such claims were unsubstantiated then the WSF could only be strengthened. On the other hand, if activists collectively decided that the receipt of liberal foundation funding is problematic - as happened at the 2004 WSF in Mumbai - then further steps must be immediately taken to address the issue. Yet, as the Research Unit for Political Economy point out, although:
"... the WSF India committee's decision to disavow funds from certain institutions marked a victory for the critics of the WSF, it did not really resolve the issue. If the organizers disavowed funds from these sources on principle (rather than merely because uncomfortable questions were raised), it is difficult to understand why the prohibition did not extend as well to organizations funded by them. This left scope for the WSF to accept funds from organizations funded in turn by Ford. Moreover, ...the bulk of the WSF's expenses are borne by participating organizations, many of which are in turn funded by Ford and other such "barred" sources."[45]
Clearly
important (and concerning)
questions have been raised about
the democratic legitimacy of the
WSF, but most activists still
remain unaware of the existence
of such well founded critiques.
This is problematic and, as
Stephanie Guilloud and William
Cordery (2007) argue, although
fundraising is "an
important component of most
organizing efforts in the
"... is usually perceived by activists as our nasty compromise within an evil capitalist structure. As long as we relegate fundraising to a dirty chore better handled by grant writers and development directors than organizers, we miss an opportunity to create stepping stones toward community-based economies."[46]
However, as Dylan Rodriguez (2007) observes:
"... when one
attempts to engage [in] a
critical discussion regarding
the political problems of
working with these and other
foundations, and
especially when one is
interested in naming them as the
gently repressive 'evil'
cousins of the more
prototypically evil right-wing
foundations, the establishment
Left becomes profoundly
defensive of its financial
patrons. I would argue that this
is a liberal-progressive vision
that marginalizes the radical,
revolutionary, and
proto-revolutionary forms of
activism, insurrection, and
resistance that refuse
to participate in the [George]
Soros charade of 'shared
values,' and are uninterested in
trying to 'improve the
imperfect.' The social truth of
the existing society is that
it is
based on
the production of massive,
unequal, and hierarchically
organized
disenfranchisement, suffering,
and death of those populations
who are targeted for containment
and political/social
liquidation-a violent social
order produced
under the dictates of
'democracy,' 'peace,'
'security,' and 'justice' that
form the
historical and political
foundations
of the very same white civil
society on which
the
NPIC [Non-Profit Industrial
Complex]
Left is based."
[47]
Guilloud and Cordery (2007) "believe it is better to be dissolved by the community than floated by foundations." Indeed, they go on to correctly state the obvious, by noting that community supported organizations will, by necessity, have to serve the needs of democracy because "[m]embers who contribute to an organization will stop contributing when the work is no longer valuable."[48]
Moving Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex
"People in non-profits are not necessarily consciously thinking that they are 'selling out.' But just by trying to keep funding and pay everyone's salaries, they start to unconsciously limit their imagination of what they could do. In addition, the non-profit structure supports a paternalistic relationship in which non-profits from outside our Communities fund their own hand-picked organizers, rather than funding us to do the work ourselves." (Madonna Thunder Hawk, 2007) [49]
Given the historical overview of liberal foundations presented in this article it is uncontroversial to suggest that liberal philanthropists - who also support elite planning groups - will not facilitate the massive radical social changes that will encourage the global adoption of participatory democracy.[50] Taking a global view, James Petras and Henry Veltmeyer (2004) argue that most funding "for poverty alleviation through NGOs also has had little positive effect" and:
"On the contrary, foreign aid directed toward NGOs has undermined national decision-making, given that most projects and priorities are set out by the European or US-based NGOs. In addition, NGO projects tend to co-opt local leaders and turn them into functionaries administering local projects that fail to deal with the structural problems and crises of the recipient countries. Worse yet, NGO funding has led to a proliferation of competing groups, which set communities and groups against each other, undermining existing social movements. Rather than compensating for the social damage inflicted by free market policies and conditions of debt bondage, the NGO channelled foreign aid complements the IFIs' [international financial institutions'] neo-liberal agenda."[51]
Referring to the
detrimental influence of the
liberal philanthropy in the
"[T]he
NPIC [Non-Profit Industrial
Complex] contributes to a mode
of organizing that is ultimately
unsustainable. To radically
change society, we must build
mass movements that can
topple systems of domination,
such as capitalism. However, the
NPIC encourages
us to think of social justice
organizing as a career; that is,
you do the work if you
can get paid for it. However, a
mass movement requires the
involvement of millions
of people, most of whom cannot
get paid. By trying to do
grassroots organizing
through this careerist model, we
are essentially asking a few
people to work more
than full-time to
make up for the work that needs
to be done by millions.
"In addition, the NPIC promotes a social movement culture that is non-collaborative, narrowly focused, and competitive. To retain the support of benefactors, groups must compete with each other for funding by promoting only their own work, whether or not their organizing strategies are successful. This culture prevents activists from having collaborative dialogues where we can honestly share our failures as well as our successes. In addition, after being forced to frame everything we do as a 'success,' we become stuck in having to repeat the same strategies because we insisted to funders they were successful, even if they were not. Consequently, we become inflexible rather than fluid and ever changing in our strategies, which is what a movement for social transformation really requires. And as we become more concerned with attracting funders than with organizing mass-based movements, we start niche marketing the work of our organizations." [52]
Amara H. Perez and Sisters in Action for Power (2007) also add that:
"In addition to the power and influence of foundation funding, the non-profit model itself has contributed to the co-optation of our work and institutionalized a structure that has normalized a corporate culture for the way our work is ultimately carried out."[53]
Fortunately, the
answers to the funding problems
raised in this article are
rather simple. However, given
the lack of critical inquiry
into the anti-democratic
influence of liberal foundations
on progressive social change,
first and foremost progressive
activists need to publicly
acknowledge that a problem
exists before appropriate
solutions can be devised and
implemented. Therefore, the
first step that I propose needs
to be taken by progressive
activists is to launch a vibrant
public discussion of the broader
role of liberal foundations in
funding social change - an
action that will rely for the
most part upon the interest and
support of grassroots activists
all over the world.
Given the insidious activities of liberal foundations', the "very existence of many social justice organizations has often come to rest more on the effectiveness of professional (and amateur) grant writers than on skilled-much less 'radical' - political educators and organizers" (Rodriguez, 2007). So now more than ever, it is vital that progressive citizens committed to a participatory democracy work to develop alternate funding mechanisms for sustaining grassroots activism so they can break the "insidious cycle of competition and co-optation" set up by liberal foundations and their cohorts.[54] Indeed as Guilloud and Cordery (2007) point out, "[d]eveloping a real community-based economic system that redistributes wealth and allows all people to gain access to what they need is essential to complete our vision of a liberated world. Grassroots fundraising strategies are a step in that direction." [55]
Unfortunately, raising awareness of the vexing issues raised in this article may be harder than one might first expect. This is because in some instances the progressive media themselves may be preventing an open discussion of the influence of liberal philanthropy on social change - due to their reliance (or at least good relations) with liberal foundations. So sadly as Bob Feldman (2007) observes, "[w]hen the rare report calls attention to the possibility of foundation influence over the left-wing media or think tanks, a typical attitude is unqualified denial."[56] Feldman concludes:
"... that organizations and media generally considered left-wing have in recent years received substantial funding from liberal foundations. This information alone is significant, as left activists and scholars are either unaware of or uninterested in examining the nature and consequences of such financing. Furthermore, although a definitive evaluation would require a massive content analysis project, there is much evidence that the funded left has moved towards the mainstream as it has increased its dependence on foundations. This is shown by the 'progressive,' reformist tone of formerly radical organizations; the gradual disappearance of challenges to the economic and political power of corporations or United States militarism and imperialism; and silence on the relationship of liberal foundations to either politics and culture in general, or to their own organizations. Critiquing right wing foundations, media, and think tanks may be fair game, but to explain our current situation, or to discover what has happened to the left, a more inclusive investigation is needed." [57]
It is clear that the barriers to spreading the word about liberal philanthropy's overt colonization of progressive social change are large but they are certainly not insurmountable to dedicated activists. There are still plenty of alternative media outlets that should be willing to distribute trenchant critiques of liberal philanthropy given persistent pressure from the activist community, while internet blogs can also supplement individual communicative efforts to widen the debate. If activists fail to address the crucial issue of liberal philanthropy now this will no doubt have dire consequences for the future of progressive activism - and democracy more generally - and it is important to recognise that liberal foundations are not all powerful and that the future, as always, lies in our hands and not theirs.
Michael Barker is a
doctoral candidate at
References
[1] Damien C.
Cahill, The Radical Neo-liberal Movement as a
Hegemonic Force in Australia, 1976-1996
(Unpublished PhD Thesis: University of Wollongong,
2004); Alex Carey, Taking the Risk out of
Democracy: Propaganda in the US and Australia
(Sydney, N.S.W.: University of New South Wales
Press, 1995); Sally Covington, Moving a Public
Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of
Conservative Foundations (Washington, DC:
National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy,
1997).
[2] Michael
Barker, 'Taking
the Risk Out of Civil Society: Harnessing Social
Movements and Regulating Revolutions', Refereed
paper presented to the Australasian Political
Studies Association Conference,
[3]
Here it is important to note that
in all four countries that Robinson examined, the
'democratic transitions' "were touted by
policymakers, and praised by journalists, supportive
scholars, and public commentators, as 'success
stories' in which the United States broke sharply
with earlier support for authoritarianism and
dictatorship and contributed in a positive way to
'democracy,' and therefore as 'models' for future US
interventions of this type."
William I.
Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US
Intervention, and Hegemony (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996),, p.114.
[4]
Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy,
pp.28-9. For related online resources see, William
I. Robinson, A
Faustian Bargain:
[5]
However, he does specify that it is important to
note that the US "is not acting
on behalf of a 'US' elite, but [instead is] playing
a leadership role on behalf of an emergent
transnational elite"; and that the "impulse to
'promote democracy'" essentially arises from the
need "to secure the underlying objective of
maintaining essentially undemocratic societies
inserted into an unjust international
system."Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy,
p.20, 6.
Robinson
also adds that: "A caveat must be
stressed.
[6]
Barry Gills, Joen Rocamora, and
Richard Wilson, Low Intensity Democracy: Political
Power in the
[7] Leslie Wayne, 'And for His Next Feat, a Billionaire Sets Sights on Bush', New York Times, May 31, 2004.
[8]
Indeed as INCITE! note in their book
The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: "We
took a stand against state funding since
we perceived
that antiviolence organizations who had state
funding had been
co-opted. It
never occurred to us to look at foundation funding
in the same way. However, in a trip to
[9]
Annon, 'Note on this Special Issue of Critical
Sociology', Critical Sociology, 33 (2007), p.387.
[10] Crozier,
M., S. P. Huntington and J. Watanuki, The Crisis
of Democracy: Report on the Governability of
Democracies to the Trilateral Commission (New
York: New York University Press, 1975), p.134.
[11] Carole
Pateman, 'The Civic Culture: A Philosophical
Critique', In: G. A. Almond and
[12]
Gills, Rocamora, and
[13] Michael
Albert, Realizing Hope: Life Beyond Capitalism
(
[14] Robert
Jensen, Writing Dissent: Taking Radical Ideas
from the Margins to the Mainstream (
[15]
Nicolas
Guilhot, 'Reforming the World: George Soros, Global
Capitalism and the Philanthropic Management of the
Social Sciences', Critical Sociology, Volume
33, Number 3, 2007, pp.451-2.
[16]
Andrea Smith,
'Introduction: The Revolution Will Not Be Funded',
p.4.
[17]
Daniel Brandt, '
[18] Carroll
Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World
in Our Time (New York: Macmillan, 1966), p.938.
[19] Robert F.
Arnove, 'Introduction', In: Robert F. Arnove, (ed.),
Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism: The
Foundations at Home and Abroad (Boston, Mass.:
G.K. Hall, 1980), p.1.
[20]
Robert Arnove and Nadine Pinede,
'Revisiting the "Big Three" Foundations',
Critical Sociology,
Volume 33, Number 3, 2007, p.391.
[21]
Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper?: CIA
and the Cultural Cold War (Granta Books, 1999),
p.1.
For a
useful review of Saunders' book see, James Petras, 'The
CIA and the Cultural Cold War Revisited',
Monthly Review, November 1999.
Also see Hugh Wilford, The
CIA, the British Left, and the Cold War: Calling the
Tune? (
[22]
Robert Arnove
and Nadine Pinede, 'Revisiting the "Big Three"
Foundations', p.393.
[23] Robert Arnove and Nadine Pinede, 'Revisiting the "Big Three" Foundations', p.422.
[24] Craig J. Jenkins, 'Channeling Social Protest: Foundation Patronage of Contemporary Social Movements', In: W. W. Powell and E. S. Clemens, (eds.), Private Action and the Public Good (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 206-216.
[25] Robert F. Arnove (ed.), Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism; Donald Fisher, 'The Role of Philanthropic Foundations in the Reproduction and Production of Hegemony: Rockefeller Foundations and the Social Sciences', Sociology, 17, 2, 1983, pp. 206-233; Joan Roelofs, Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003).; John Wilson, 'Corporatism and the Professionalization of Reform', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 11, 1983, pp. 52-68.
Few
researchers would argue that all foundations
actively attempt to deliberately co-opt all social
movements, although the larger ones like the Ford
and Rockefeller Foundations have certainly
successfully done this in the past. Craig Jenkins
(1998, p.212) proposes his channeling thesis is more
appropriate than the cooption model because it: (1)
considers "that foundation goals are complex,
ranging from genuine support of movement goals to
social control" (a point the co-option thesis also
acknowledges), (2) identifies the trend towards
professionalization (a process also identified by
the co-option thesis) and (3) this
professionalization has led to greater mobilizations
and successes than would have occurred otherwise.
This last point is certainly debatable, as the
history of social change seems to suggest that mass
grassroots campaigns have far more progressive
influence on political institutions than
professional advocacy groups.
Deborah
McCarthy (2004, p.254) suggests that the "social
relations" approach to grantee/funder relations
"presents
a dialectical model in which both
grantees and funders influence each other" as
opposed to "the channeling and
co-optation theories [which she argues] present a
one-way model in which foundations influence
grantees but not the other way around." In response,
I would argue that it is clear that foundation
funding is dialectical, and it is important not to
write off the work of those she presents as "one-way
models" because clearly each funding relationship
will vary from another, and the latter models
benefit by incorporating the unequal power evident
between funders' and grantees. McCarthy
(2004: 258) notes that
activist/funders often have to trick their
foundations to support environmental justice
projects by using "terminology with issues that
their foundation's boards and donors already fund."
McCarthy discusses some ways in which activists and
funders' may begin to work around three major
problems associated with foundation funding of the
environmental justice movement which are:
"programmatic emphases on project-specific grants,
outcome-specific evaluation criteria, and short-term
grants" (2004, p.263). See Deborah
McCarthy, 'Environmental
Justice Grantmaking: Elites and Activists
Collaborate to Transform Philanthropy',
Sociological Inquiry, Vol. 74, No. 2, 2004,
pp.250–270.
[26]
Raymond Breton, The Governance of Ethnic
Communities: Political Structures and Processes in
[27] Joan Roelofs, 'Foundations and Collaboration', Critical Sociology, Volume 33, Number 3, 2007, p.502.
[29] Craig J.
Jenkins and Craig M. Eckert,
'Channeling Black Insurgency:
Elite Patronage and Professional
Social Movement Organizations in
the Development of the Black
Movement', American
Sociological Review, 51,
1986.
[30] Craig J.
Jenkins, 'Channeling Social
Protest: Foundation Patronage of
Contemporary Social Movements',
p.212.
[31] David J.
Garrow, Bearing the Cross:
Martin Luther King, Jr., and the
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (Random House,
1988), pp.545-6.
[32] Frances
B. McCrea and Gerald E. Markle,
Minutes to Midnight: Nuclear
Weapons Protest in America
(Newbury Park, Calif.: SAGE,
1989), p.37.
[33] John D.
McCarthy, David W. Britt, and
Mark Wolfson, 'The Institutional
Channeling of Social Movements
by the State in the United
States', In: L. Kriesberg and M.
Spencer (eds.) Research in
Social Movements, Conflicts and
Change (Greenwich, CT.: JAI
Press, 1991), pp.69-70.
[34] Herbert
H. Haines, Black Radicals and
the Civil Rights Mainstream,
1954-1970 (Knoxville:
University of Tennessee Press,
1988), pp.82-99.
[35] Herbert
Haines, 'Black Radicalization
and the Funding of Civil
Rights', Social Problems,
32, 1984, pp.31-43.
[36] Jack L.
Walker, 'The Origins and
Maintenance of Interest Groups
in
[37] Joan
Roelofs, 'Foundations
and Collaboration', Critical
Sociology, Volume 33, Number 3,
2007, p.497.
[38] Joan Roelofs, Foundations and Public Policy, p.44.
For more on
this subject see
David Rieff,
'Multiculturalism's Silent
Partner',Harper's, August
1993, pp.62-72.
Alisa Bierria
(2007) points out that: "All too
often, inclusively has come to
mean that we start with an
organizing model developed with
white, middle-class people in
mind, and then simply add a
multicultural component to it.
We should
include
as many
voices as possible, without
asking what exactly are we being
included in? However, as
Kimberle Crenshaw has noted, 'it
is not enough to be sensitive to
difference, we must ask what
difference the difference makes.
That is, instead of saying, how
can we
include
women of
color, women with disabilities,
etc., we must ask, what would
our analysis and organizing
practice look like if we
centered them in it? By
following a politics of re-centering
rather than inclusion, we often
find that we see the issue
differently, not just for the
group in question, but
everyone.'" Alisa Bierria,
'Communities against rape and
abuse (CARA)',
In: INCITE! Women of
Color Against Violence
(eds.) The Revolution Will
Not Be Funded: Beyond The
Non-Profit Industrial Complex
(South End Press, 2007),
pp.153-4.
[39] Madonna Thunder Hawk, 'Native Organizing Before the Non-Profit Industrial Complex', In: INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence (eds.) The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond The Non-Profit Industrial Complex (South End Press, 2007), p.106.
[40] Stephanie Guilloud and William Cordery, 'Fundraising is Not a Dirty Word', In: INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence (eds.) The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond The Non-Profit Industrial Complex (South End Press, 2007), p.108.
[41] Ana Clarissa Rojas Durazo, '"we were never meant to survive" Fighting Violence Against Women and the Forth World War', In: INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence (eds.) The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond The Non-Profit Industrial Complex (South End Press, 2007), pp.115-6.
[42] Ana Clarissa Rojas Durazo, '"we were never meant to survive" Fighting Violence Against Women and the Forth World War', p.116.
[43]
Michael
Barker, 'The Liberal Foundations
of Media Reform? Creating
Sustainable Funding
Opportunities for Radical Media
Reform', Global Media
(Submitted); Bob Feldman,
'Report from the Field: Left
Media and Left Think Tanks -
Foundation-Managed Protest?',
Critical Sociology, 33
(2007).
[44]
Research Unit for Political
Economy, 'Foundations and Mass
Movements: The Case of the World
Social Forum', Critical
Sociology, 33 (3), 2007, p.506.
[45]
Research Unit for Political
Economy, 'Foundations and Mass
Movements', pp.529-30.
[46] Stephanie Guilloud and William Cordery, 'Fundraising is Not a Dirty Word', p.107.
[47] Dylan Rodriguez, 'The Political Logic of the Non-Profit Industrial Complex', In: INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence (eds.) The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond The Non-Profit Industrial Complex (South End Press, 2007), p.35-6.
[48] Stephanie Guilloud and William Cordery, 'Fundraising is Not a Dirty Word', p.110.
[49] Madonna Thunder Hawk, 'Native Organizing Before the Non-Profit Industrial Complex', pp.105-6.
[50] Two of the most influential liberal foundations, the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation, created and continue to provide substantial financial aid to elite planning groups like the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission. For example, the Ford Foundation's 2006 Annual Report (p.62) notes that they gave the Council on Foreign Relations a $200,000 grant "For research, seminars and publications on the role of women in conflict prevention, post-conflict reconstruction and state building." Furthermore, as Roelofs (2003, p.98-9) notes:
"During the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) debate, the EPI [Economic Policy Institute] (funded by Ford and others) made technical objections to the models supporting the trade agreement. At the same time, a much greater effect was produced by Ford funding to the other side, which included grants to the Institute for International Economics, a think tank that emphasizes the benefits of NAFTA. In addition, 'the Ford Foundation also awarded grants to environmental groups and the Southwest Voters Research Institute to convene forums on NAFTA. These resulted in an alliance of 100 Latino organizations and elected officials, called the Latino Consensus on NAFTA, which provided conditional support for the agreement.'"
Also see Laurence H. Shoup, and William Minter, Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977); Holly Sklar, Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning For World Management (Boston: South End Press, 1980).
[51 James Petras and Henry Veltmeyer, 'Age of Reverse Aid: Neo-liberalism as Catalyst of Regression', In: Jan P. Pronk (ed.) Catalysing Development (Blackwell Publishers,
2004), pp.70-1.
[52]
Andrea Smith,
'Introduction: The Revolution
Will Not Be Funded', p.10.
[53] Amara H. Perez, and Sisters in Action for Power, 'Between Radical Theory and Community Praxis: Reflections on Organizing and the Non-Profit Industrial Complex', In: INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence (eds.) The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond The Non-Profit Industrial Complex (South End Press, 2007), p.93.
[54]
Brian Tokar, Earth for Sale:
Reclaiming Ecology in the Age of
Corporate Greenwash (Boston,
MA: South End Press, 1997),
p.214.
[55] Stephanie Guilloud and William Cordery, 'Fundraising is Not a Dirty Word', p.111.
Making this transition may be easier than expected, because Rodriguez (2007) suggest that "the ongoing work to maintain and prospect foundation money, combined with administrative obligations and developing infrastructure, was more taxing and exhausting than confronting any institution to fight for a policy change." Dylan Rodriguez, 'The Political Logic of the Non-Profit Industrial Complex', p.27.
[56] Bob Feldman, 'Report from the Field: Left Media and Left Think Tanks - Foundation-Managed Protest?', p.428.
[57] Bob
Feldman, 'Report from the Field:
Left Media and Left Think Tanks
- Foundation-Managed Protest?',
p. 445.