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Reference Notes
I. For updated information on the U.S. military
budget, see the Center for Defense Information website (www.cdi.org).
Discretionary spending is money that must be specifically appropriated
by Congress every year, as opposed to mandatory budget items, such as
social security benefits and interest payments on the national debt.
2. Giles cited in Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States
(New York: Harper-Collins, 1980), p. 153.
3. Zinn, pp. 125-146; Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An
Indian History of the American West (New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 1971).
4. Black Elk cited in Brown, p. 419.
5. Zinn, pp. 147-166.
6. Den by cited in David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge
in the 1890s (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 1970), pp. 122-123.
7. Platt cited in Healy, p. 173.
8. Roosevelt cited in Zinn, p. 290.
9. Zinn, pp. 290-305; Beveridge cited in Zinn, p. 306.
10. Beveridge cited in Healy, p. 174.
11. Beveridge cited in Rubin Westin, Racism in U. S. Imperialism
(Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, 1972), p. 46.
12. Zinn, pp. 305-313; Michael Parenti, The Sword and the Dollar (New
York: St. Martins Press, 1989), pp. 42-43.
13. Zinn, pp. 290-305.
14. Hawaii: Joseph Gerson, "The Sun Never Sets," in Joseph Gerson, ed.,
The Sun Never Sets -- Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military
Bases (Boston: South End Press, 1991), pp. 6,10; Panama: T. Harry
Williams, et al., A History of the United States [Since 1865], 2nd
edition (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), pp. 372-373.
15. David Cooney, A Chronology of the U.S. Navy: 1775-1965 (New York:
Franklin Watts, 1965), pp. 181-257.
16. Catherine Sunshine, The Caribbean: Struggle, Survival and
Sovereignty (Boston: South End Press, 1985), p. 32.
17. George Black, The Good Neighbor (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988),
pp. 31-58; Sunshine, pp. 28-34.
18. Taft cited in William Appleman Williams, Americans in a Changing
World: A History of the U.S. in a Changing World (New York: Harper and
Row, 1978), pp. 123-124.
19. Newspaper report cited in Westin, p. 226.
20. Sunshine, p. 83.
21. This and subsequent passages are from Smedley Butler, "War Is a
Racket," (New York: Round Table Press, 1935); reproduced at:
www.veteransforpeace.org/war_is_a_racket_033103.htm.
22. Page cited in William Foster, Outline Political History of the
Americas (New York: International Publishers, 1951 ), p. 362.
23. Foster, p. 360.
24. CFR/State Department policy statement cited in Lawrence Shoup and
William Minter, Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations
and US. Foreign Policy (New York: Monthly Review, 1977), p. 130.
25. CFR memorandum cited in Shoup and Minter, p. 170.
26. Hiroshima-Nagasaki: A Pictorial Record of the Atomic Destruction
(Tokyo: Hiroshima-Nagasaki Publishing Committee, 1978), p. 17.
27. Truman cited in Paul Boyer, By the Bombs Early Light: American
Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon,
1985)
28. The bombing was also intended to preempt Soviet involvement in the
war against Japan: Zinn, pp. 413-415.
29. Welch cited in Victor Perlo, Militarism and Industry: Arms
Profiteering in the Missile Age (New York: International Publishers,
1963 ), p. 144.
30. Gerson, p. 12.
31. Korea International War Crimes Tribunal, "Report on U.S. Crimes in
Korea: 1945-2001," (Washington, D.C.: Korea Truth Commission Task Force,
2001), p. xi; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1967 ed., V. 13, p. 475; Selected
Manpower Statistics, Fiscal Year 1984 (Washington D.C.: Dept. of
Defense, 1985 ), p. 111.
32. Sunshine, p. 142; Black, p. 118.
33. Noam Chomsky, "Patterns of Intervention," in Joseph Gerson, ed., The
Deadly Connection: Nuclear l11ar and U.S. Intervention (Philadelphia:
New Society, 1986), p. 66; Zinn, p. 469; Sean Murphy et al, No Fire, No
Thunder: The Threat of Chemical and Biological Weapons (New York:
Monthly Review, 1984), pp. 22- 24, 64, 78-79; Parenti, p. 44; Selected
Manpower Statistics; Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars: 1945-1990 (New
York: Harper-Collins, 1991).
34. Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War (Oxford University
Press, 1992); Sandra Mackey, Lebanon: Death of a Nation (New York:
Congdon & Weed, 1989).
35. Black, p. 156.
36. Schultz cited in Black, p. 156.
37. Noam Chomsky, The Culture of Terrorism (Boston: South End Press,
1988), p. 29; Associated Press "Libyan Court Wants Americans Arrested
for 1986 Bombing," March 22, 1999.
38. Noam Chomsky, Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel & The
Palestinians ( Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1999).
39. William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and
CIA Interventions Since World War II (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press,
1995).
40. Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, School of Assassins (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis
Books, 1999).
41. Charles Bergquist, et al., Violence in Columbia: The Contemporary
Crisis in Historical Perspective (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources,
1992); W.M. Leo Grande and K. Sharpe, "A Plan, But No Clear Objective,"
Washington Post, April 1, 2001; Mark Cook, "Colombia, the Politics of
Escalation," Covert Action Quarterly, Fall/Winter 1999.
42. Peter Wyden, Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story (New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1979).
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