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Reference Notes
I. For updated information on the U.S. military
budget, see Center for Defense Information, www.cdi.o rg/ issues/budget.
2. Giles cited in Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States
(New York: Harper-Collins, 1980), p. 153.
3. Zinn, pp. 125-146; Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An
Indian History of the American West (New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 1971).
4. Black Elk cited in Brown, p. 419.
5. Zinn, pp. 147-166.
6. Den by cited in David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge
in the 1890s (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 1970), pp. 122-123.
7. Platt cited in Healy, p. 173.
8. Roosevelt cited in Zinn, p. 290.
9. Zinn, pp. 290-305; Beveridge cited in Zinn, p. 306.
10. Beveridge cited in Healy, p. 174.
11. Beveridge cited in Rubin Westin, Racism in U. S. Imperialism
(Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, 1972), p. 46.
12. Zinn, pp. 305-313; Michael Parenti, The Sword and the Dollar (New
York: St. Martins Press, 1989), pp. 42-43.
13. Zinn, pp. 290-305.
14. Hawaii: Joseph Gerson, "The Sun Never Sets," in Joseph Gerson, ed.,
The Sun Never Sets- Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military
Bases (Boston: South End Press, 1991), pp. 6,10; Panama: T. Harry
Williams, et al., A History of the United States [Since 1865}, 2nd
edition (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), pp. 372-373.
15. David Cooney, A Chronology of the U.S. Navy: 1775-1965 (New York:
Franklin Watts, 1965), pp. 181-257.
16. Catherine Sunshine, The Caribbean: Struggle, Survival and
Sovereignty (Boston: South End Press, 1985), p. 32.
17. George Black, The Good Neighbor (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988),
pp. 31-58; Sunshine, pp. 28-34.
18. Taft cited in William Appleman Williams, Americans in a Changing
World: A History of the U.S. in a Changing World (New York: Harper and
Row, 1978), pp. 123-124.
19. Report cited in Westin, p. 226.
20. Sunshine, p. 83.
21. Butler cited in Joyce Brabner, "War Is a Racket," Real War Stories,
No.2 (Forestville, CA: Eclipse, 1991) .
22. Page cited in William Foster, Outline Political History of the
Americas (New York: International Publishers, 1951 ), p. 362.
23. Foster, p. 360.
24. Butler cited in Brabner.
25. CFR/State Department policy statement cited in Lawrence Shoup and
William Minter, Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations
and US. Foreign Policy (New York: Monthly Review, 1977), p. 130.
26. CFR memorandum cited in Shoup and Minter, p. 170.
27. Hiroshima-Nagasaki: A Pictorial Record of the Atomic Destruction
(Tokyo: Hiroshima-Nagasaki Publishing Committee, 1978), p. 17.
28. Truman cited in Paul Boyer, By the Bombs Early Light: American
Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon,
1985). 19. The bombing was also intended to preempt Soviet involvement
in the war against Japan: Zinn, pp. 413-415.
30. Welch cited in Victor Perlo, Militarism and Industry: Arms
Profiteering in the Missile Age (New York: International Publishers,
1963 ), p. 144.
31. Gerson, p. 12.
32. Korea International War Crimes Tribunal, "Report on U.S. Crimes in
Korea: 1945-2001," (Washington, D.C.: Korea Truth Commission Task Force,
2001), p. xi; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1967 ed., V. 13, p. 475; Selected
Manpower Statistics, Fiscal Year 1984 (Washington D.C.: Dept. of
Defense, 1985 ), p. 111.
33. Sunshine, p. 142; Black, p. 118.
34. Noam Chomsky, "Patterns of Intervention," in Joseph Gerson, ed., The
Deadly Connection: Nuclear l11ar and U.S. Intervention (Philadelphia:
New Society, 1986), p. 66; Zinn, p. 469; Sean Murphy et al, No Fire, No
Thunder: The Threat of Chemical and Biological Weapons (New York:
Monthly Review, 1984), pp. 22- 24, 64, 78-79; Parenti, p. 44; Selected
Manpower Statistics; Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars: 1945-1990 (New
York: Harper-Collins, 1991).
35. Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War (Oxford University
Press, 1992); Sandra Mackey, Lebanon: Death of a Nation (New York:
Congdon & Weed, 1989).
36. Black, p. 156.
37. Schultz cited in Black, p. 156.
38. Noam Chomsky, The Culture of Terrorism (Boston: South End Press,
1988), p. 29; Associated Press "Libyan Court Wants Americans Arrested
for 1986 Bombing," March 22, 1999.
39. Noam Chomsky, Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel & The
Palestinians ( Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1999).
40. William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions
Since World War II (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1995).
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